TABLE.1.
All mitophagy-related genes and the biological functions of their encoded proteins.
| Gene | Protein | Biological process |
|---|---|---|
| CDC37(73) | Cell division cycle 37 | Regulating cell cycle |
| HDAC6(74) | Histone deacetylase 6 | Autophagy, Transcription, Transcription regulation |
| HUWE1(75) | HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 | Biological rhythms, Differentiation, DNA damage, DNA repair, Ubl conjugation pathway |
| MFN2(76) | Mitofusin 2 | Apoptosis, Autophagy, Unfolded protein response |
| OPTN(77) | Optineurin | Autophagy, Host-virus interaction, Immunity, Innate immunity |
| PINK1(78) | PTEN induced kinase 1 | Autophagy |
| PRKN(78) | Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase | Autophagy, Transcription, Transcription regulation, Ubl conjugation pathway |
| TOMM7(79) | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7 | Protein transport, Transport |
| VPS13C(80) | Vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C | Mitochondrial respiration |
| ATG12(81) | Autophagy related 12 | Autophagy, Host-virus interaction, Ubl conjugation pathway |
| ATG5(82) | Autophagy related 5 | Apoptosis, Autophagy, Host-virus interaction, Immunity |
| CSNK2A1 | Casein kinase 2 alpha 1 | Apoptosis, Biological rhythms, Cell cycle, Transcription, Transcription regulation, Wnt signaling pathway |
| CSNK2A2 | Casein kinase 2 alpha 2 | Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Transcription, Transcription regulation, Wnt signaling pathway |
| CSNK2B(83) | Casein kinase 2 beta | Wnt signaling pathway |
| FUNDC1(84) | FUN14 domain containing 1 | Autophagy |
| MAP1LC3A(85) | Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha | Autophagy, Ubl conjugation pathway |
| MAP1LC3B(84) | Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta | Autophagy, Ubl conjugation pathway |
| MFN1(86) | Mitofusin 1 | GTP-binding, Nucleotide-binding |
| MTERF3 | Mitochondrial transcription termination factor 3 | Ribosome biogenesis, Transcription, Transcription regulation |
| PGAM5(87) | PGAM family member 5, mitochondrial serine/threonine protein phosphatase | Necrosis |
| RPS27A | Ribosomal protein S27a | Ribosomal metabolism |
| SQSTM1(88) | Sequestosome 1 | Apoptosis, Autophagy, Differentiation, Immunity |
| SRC(89) | SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase | Cell adhesion, Cell cycle, Host-virus interaction, Immunity |
| TOMM20(90) | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 | Protein transport, Transport |
| TOMM22(83) | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 22 | Protein transport, Translocation, Transport |
| TOMM40(91) | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 | Ion transport, Protein transport, Transport |
| TOMM5 | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 | Protein transport, Transport |
| TOMM6 | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 6 | Protein transport, Transport |
| TOMM70(91) | Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 70 | Host-virus interaction |
| UBA52(92) | Ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 | Ribosomal metabolism |
| UBB | Ubiquitin B | Ribosomal metabolism |
| UBC(93) | Ubiquitin C | Ribosomal metabolism |
| ULK1(94) | Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 | Autophagy |
| VDAC1(88) | Voltage dependent anion channel 1 | Apoptosis, Host-virus interaction, Ion transport, Transport |
All genes have been proved to be closely involved in mitophagy-related pathways. Gilad Twig et al. (Twig et al., 2008) marked and tracked mitochondria through fusion and fission, and finally identified nine genes closely related to mitophagy: HDAC6, HUWE1, OPTN, CDC37, PRKN, TOMM7, VPS13C, PINK1, MFN2. ATG5, TOMM22, MAP1LC3A, MFN2, TOMM40, MAP1LC3B, RPS27A, ATG12, UBC, TOMM70, MTERF3, PINK1, SQSTM1, UBB, MFN1, TOMM20, TOMM5, PRKN, TOMM7, VDAC1, TOMM6, UBA52. SQSTM1 selectively removes damaged mitochondria through PINK1-PRKN pathway and subsequently participates in the process of mitophagy through lysosome catabolism (https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-5205685). ATG5, FUNDC1, CSNK2A2, CSNK2A1, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, ATG12, ULK1, SRC, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, CSNK2B, PGAM5 associates cell differentiation signals and mitochondrial function markers with scaffold proteins by participating in receptor-mediated mitophagy pathway, thereby further recruiting other autophagy proteins to form autophagosomes. Mitochondria destruction and recovery (https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-8934903).