Table 2.
Antibacterial application of copper-containing nanoparticles in dentistry.
| Nanoparticles (Diameter and morphology) | Oral materials description | Test oral microbes | Anti-microbial test method | Antimicrobial efficiency | Features | cytotoxicity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu NPs (40–60 nm, spherical) ZnO NPs (10–30 nm) |
Add 5 /0.1 wt% and 5/0.2 wt% of ZnO / CuNp respectively to two commercial adhesives | S. mutans (ATCC 25175) | Disc diffusion method (37°C , 48 h) | Non-polymerized: Significantly higher antibacterial properties Polymerized: only the 5/0.2 groups showed significantly higher antibacterial properties. |
Provides anti-MMPs properties without affecting its mechanical properties, thereby improving the integrity of the hybrid layer on caries-affected dentin. | Data not shown | (173) |
| Cu NPs (63–154 nm | Add 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% Cu NPs into the simplified etch and-rinse adhesive system | S. mutans (ATCC 25175) | Prepare disk-shaped adhesive specimens and place on BHI agar plates cultured with S. mutans (37°C , 96 h) | Improved antibacterial performance, with the highest antibacterial effect at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% | Increase the immediate and 2-year bond strength of the resin-dentin interface, as well as the mechanical properties of the adhesive formulation after 2-years of water storage. | Data not shown | (174) |
| PAA-CuI NPs (20 nm–1.5 µm) | Mix PAA CuI powder with two commercial binder resins (XP Bond and Optibond XTR) to prepare PAA-CuI adhesive concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml or 1.0 mg/ml | S. mutans (ATCC 25175) | Resin composite discs are fabricated and coated with adhesive, and S. mutans is inoculated on the surface (37°C , 18 h; 37°C , 1y) | After18 h: Bacteria reduced by 99.99% (XP Bond) and 79.65% (XTR – 1.0 mg/ml) After 1y: Bacteria reduced by 99.99% (XP Bond) |
Does not affect shear bond strength | No cytotoxicity ( human gingival fibroblast-like cells) | (176) |
| Cu NPs (Uncharacterized) | Add 0.01, 0.5 and 1 wt% of Cu NPs to the orthodontic composite | S. mutans | Disk-shaped adhesive specimens were prepared and placed in medium with S. mutans (37°C , 24 h) | Shows a significant antibacterial effect. The antibacterial effect was enhanced with the increase of NPs concentration | Does not affect shear bond strength | Data not shown | (180) |
| PAA-CuI NPs (59–88 nm) | 0.263 wt% of PAA-CuI NPs were added to fluoroaluminosilicate glass powdersto generate Generation of PAA-CuI modified glass ionomer (GI) and PAA-CuI modified resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) | S. mutans (ATCC 25175) | Disk-shaped specimens were prepared,inoculated with 100 µl of S. mutans (1 × 108 cells/ml) on the surface (37°C , 18 h) | Reduce bacterial concentration by 99.999% | Does not affect mechanical properties Reduce the degradation of collagen in the dentin matrices | Data not shown | (181) |
| Cu NPs (10.87 nm) | Add1, 2, 3 and 4 wt% of Cu NPs to the glass ionomer cement |
S. mutans (ATCC 25175) Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sangius, ATCC 10556) |
Modified glass ionomer cement discs were prepared and placed in medium with S. mutans and S. sanguinis (1 × 106 cells/ml, 35°C, 48 h) | Significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans and S. sanguinis (2–4 wt%) | Data not shown | After 72 h of exposure to modified glass ionomer (2–4 wt%) extract, the viability of human dental pulp fibroblasts remained above 68%. | (182) |
| CuO NPs (40–60 nm) TiO2 NPs (40–60 nm) ZnO NPs (20 nm) Ag NPs (50–60 nm) |
The NPs were added to a water based-solution |
S. mutans (PTC 1683) S. sangius (PTCC 1449) |
Mix 50 ml of each sample with 50 ml of bacterial suspension (5 × 103 CFU) and incubate for 1 and 5 min | Both ZnONPs and CuONPs mouthwashes significantly reduced S. mutans after 1 and 5 min of exposure The colonies in all NPs groups after 5 min treatment was comparable to that of chlorhexidine |
Data not shown | Data not shown | (183) |
| Cu NPs (50–100 nm) | The mussel-inspired dendritic polyglycerol (MI-dPG) surface coating doped with Cu NPs was prepared |
E. coli S. aureus kanamycin-resistant E. coli |
The sample was incubated with the various bacterial suspension for 24 h to detect the antibacterial rate. The same sample and its extract have been tested for long-term antibacterial activity against E. coli for 3d. After 40d of incubation, the sample was immersed in PBS or MilliQ for one month to test the durable antibacterial activity against E. coli. Anti-biofilm activity was assessed by incubating the sample with E. coli for 24 h. |
The antibacterial rate against various bacteria is over 99.99%. In the three-day continuous antibacterial experiment, the antibacterial rates were 99.99%, 99.52% and 93.50%, respectively, and the antibacterial rate of the extract was less than 90%. After 40 days of culture, the Cu NPs in the coating can still effectively kill the attached bacteria and inhibit biofilm formation. |
Excellent, long-lasting and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties with "attract-kill-release" characteristics | 80% cell viability after 24 h (NIH/3T3 cells ) | (195) |
| Cu NPs (20–30 nm, cubic geometry) | Deposition of Cu NPs on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes to form nCu–nT-TiO2 surface |
E. coli (ATCC 25922) S. aureus (ATCC 6538) |
Immerse the modified surface in the bacterial suspension (150 rpm, 37°C, 2 h) | 100% reduction of surface adhesion of E. coli and S. aureus | Prevent early infection Enhance the adhesion of osteoblast Promote the colonization of bone cells |
Data not shown | (196) |
| Cu NPs | Depositing Cu NPs on the surface of HA coating to obtain Cu-HA composite coatings |
E. coli (JM109) S. aureus (ATCC 27217) |
In the presence of coated titanium plates placed in bacterial suspension ( 1 × 107 cells/Ml, 37°C), monitor and measure several time points (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h) bacterial growth in the bacterial suspension. | The antibacterial rate gradually increases with the increase of copper content. The highest resistance rates to E.coli and S.aureus were 78% and 83%, respectively. | Enhance the osseointegration Provide a continuous antibacterial effect |
Data not shown | (197) |
| ZnO NPs (45 nm) CuO NPs(37 nm) CuO-ZnO NPs |
Deposited NPs on the orthodontic brackets | S.mutans (ATCC 35668) | Glue the brackets to the center of the buccal surface of each tooth. Add 1 ml of bacterial suspension (1.5 × 105 CFU/ml, 37°C ,180 shakes per minute), and detect the amount of bacteria at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h. | Brackets oated with CuO NPs and ZnO-CuO NPs reduced the number of S. mutans to zero after 2 h. | Brackets coated with CuO NPs and ZnO-CuO NPs have excellent antibacterial effects on S. mutans | Data not shown | (198) |