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. 2022 Aug 5;13:959011. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959011

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Copyright © 2022 Yin, Luo, Xiao, Zhang, Liu and Zhou

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The natural history of type 1 diabetes and LADA. Type 1 diabetes can be divided into six stages. LADA has a similar natural course to type 1 diabetes as its autoimmune subtype. However, the rate of decline of pancreatic β-cell function is lower than that of type 1 diabetes. Moreover, the natural history of most LADA patients can be divided into insulin-independent and insulin-dependent periods according to the degree of pancreatic β-cell destruction. There is great heterogeneity in the progression to insulin dependence in patients with LADA, which is associated with the age of onset, body mass index, genetic background, and immune, lifestyle, and environmental factors.