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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 22.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2021 Sep 23;128(5):863–887. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521003822

Table 5.

Total energetic and macronutrient intake in SCI literature

Author, year Group(s) N Sex LOI AIS TSI/range (years)
 Energetic intake
(kcal/d)
 Protein
intake
(kcal/d)
 Fat
intake (kcal
/d)
 Carbohydrate
intake
(Kcal/d)
 Dietary collection
method
Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd
Abilmona et al., 2018 All 22 M C5-T11 A, B 8 8 1362 500 242 65 534 182 588 267 SR 5-d dietary recall
Allison et al., 2018 Diet intervention 12 M/F C2-L3 A-D 13 11 1815 743 290 95 635 313 907 466 SR 7-d, 5-d dietary recall
Aquilani et al., 2001 All 10 M Para A ≥ 0·2* 755 + 344 Weight, type recorded
Beal et al., 2017 All 20 M T3-L1 A, B 1448 484 255* 527* 667* SR 3-d dietary recall
High vitamin D 10 M T3-L1 A, B 19 12 1683 609 303* 606* 816*
Low vitamin D 10 M T3-L1 A, B 15 12 1212 358 206* 448* 519*
Chen et al., 2006 All, baseline 13 M/F Para/tetra A-D 18* 1606 672 Dietary recall
Cox et al., 1985 All 45 M/F Para/tetra 0·18 0·04 1774* 24-h RD-assessed dietary recall
Doubelt et al., 2015 All 34 M/F Para/tetra C/I 328 144 FFQ
Edwards et al., 2008 All 15 M/F Para/tetra C/I ≥ 1* 2090 652 320 22 699 54 1064 83 SR 3-d dietary recall
Farkas et al., 2019 Para 28 M/F T2-L1 A, B 16 11 1516 548 273 79 523 102 709 114 SR 3-d dietary recall
Tetra 13 M/F C4-C8 A, B 13 12 1619 564 277 81 534 92 762 121
Gorgey et al., 2012 Exercise + diet 5 M C5-T10 A, B 16 9 1781 228 321 36 623 53 819 89 7-d food diaries
Diet 4 M T4-T11 A, B 8 10 1731 127 329 69 589 87 814 52
Gorgey et al., 2015 All 16 M C5-T10 A, B 1350 477 SR 5-d dietary recall
Gorgey et al., 2019 Testosterone + exercise 11 M C5-T11 A, B 10 9 1532 547 291 69 567 107 659 138 SR 3-d dietary recall
Testosterone only 11 M C6-T11 A, B 7 6 1497 127 314 90 539 90 629 120
Groah et al., 2009 Tetra-male 24 2012* 343* 733* 881* SR 4-d food log
Para-male 37 2088* 350* 744* 992*
Tetra-female 1 2685* 382* 945* 1408*
Para-female 11 1662* 301* 563* 805*
Iyer et al., 2020 All 50 M/F Para/tetra C/I 0·1–0·4 1751 294 356 52 486 90 844 180 SR, RD-assessed 3-d dietary record
Male 35 M Para/tetra C/I 1809 245 364 48 495 90 872 140
Female 15 F Para/tetra C/I 1648 372 332 52 459 83 780 240
Kaufman et al., 1985 Male 8 M C4-L2 0·03* 848 414 10-d calorie count
Kearns et al., 1992 All 10 M/F C4-T10 Frankel A 0·2* 1909 43 RD-interviews, nursing records
Krempien & Barr, 2011 All 32 2003 517 352 104 567 189 1100 304 SR 3-d food diary
Male 24 2028 528 352 88 576 207 1100 312
Female 8 1927 510 360 140 522 162 1088 308
Laven et al., 1989 All 29 M/F Para/tetra Frankel A-C < 0·08* 1494 879 232 132 Daily meal tray observation
Para 16 1285 505 212 120
Tetra 13 1752 1163 260 148
Lee et al., 1985 Hypometabolic 6 M C/I 16 9 2116 415 24-h dietary record
Normometabolic 5 M C/I 19 14 2152 709
Hypermetabolic 6 M C/I 19 12 2005 508
Levine et al., 1992 Male 24 C/I 1682 429 276 83 603 215 816 324 7-d dietary record
Female 9 1282 418 224 86 423 203 664 289
All 100 2601 2006 401 282 901 785 1308 1096 FFQ
Lieberman et al., 2014
Liu et al., 1996 Tetra-PI 16 Tetra 10 2 1603 604 Inpatient, Measured from food remaining on hospital tray for 3 d; Outpatient, 3-d dietary record
Tetra-no PI 8 Tetra 15 3 1561 808
Mollinger et al., 1985 High tetra 14 M C4-C6 C 6 5 2209 894 Measured food remaining on tray for 3 d, 24-h dietary recall
Low tetra 13 M C6-C7 C 7 4 2213 698
High para 16 M T1-T10 C 9 5 2384 742
Low para 5 M T10-L2 C 4 3 2732 866
Moussavi et al., 2001 All 189 M/F Para/tetra A-D 13 10 70 29 SR 3-d record
Nightingale et al., 2017 All 33 1742 72 306 13 592 30 787 38 SR 7-d dietary record, food weighing
Peiffer et al., 1981 Para 9 M/F Para ≥ 0·3* 2446 251 488 92 24-h dietary recall
Tetra 9 M Tetra ≥ 0·3* 1795 447 288 84
Perret & Stoffel-Kurt, 2011 All 12 1775 234 286 32 644 88 775 224 SR 7-d dietary record
Rowan & Klazemi, 2020 All 16 M/F C4-C6 0·06* 2290 Inpatient, energy content recorded from all sources of feeding (enteral, intravenous)
Ca only 36 M/F 9 8 1589 709 510 336 886 375
Sabour et al., 2012 n-3 fatty acid, Ca+ 39 M/F 14 26 2003 658 772·2 652 1001 367 SR 3-d dietary record
Sabour et al., 2012 All 162 2032 699 746 302 1077 437 FFQ
Male 131 2078 724 746 284 1115 462
Female 31 1839 547 748 377 918 260
Complete 48 1967 726 259 93 704 291 1042 390
Incomplete 114 2060 688 257 100 764 307 1092 456
Tetra 94 2013 681 255 95 735 318 1071 423
Para 68 2060 727 261 102 762 281 1086 459
Sabour et al., 2016 Males 83 M Para/tetra A-D 12 6 1826 553 316 96 588 178 922 279 3-d dietary record/recall
Females 17 F Para/tetra A-D 15 9 1413 350 222 53 582 144 619 153
Sabour et al., 2016 All 103 M/F Para/tetra A-D ≥ 1* 1756 542 312 100 544 154 900 288 24-h dietary recall
Sabour et al., 2016 All 157 M/F Para C/I ≥ 1* 1847 589 284 104 675 306 952 332 3-d dietary recall
Tomey et al., 2005 All 95 2265 745 329 127 835 364 1100 347 Modified FFQ to assess 7-d intake
Walters et al., 2009 Male 63 2096 420 335 67 629 126 1090 218 24-h dietary recall
Female 14 1711 152 291 26 479 43 907 81

SCI, spinal cord injury; LOI, level of injury; AIS, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale; TSI, time since injury; SR, self-report; Para, paraplegia; Tetra, tetraplegia; C, complete; I, incomplete; PI, pressure injuries; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; RD, registered dietitian.

Blank spaces indicate data were not provided in the study; data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

*

Standard deviation not provided.