Table 6.
Comparison of authoritative, evidence-based non-spinal cord injury dietary guidelines
| American Heart Association(6,7)* |
Australian Dietary Guidelines(8) |
Dietary Guidelines for Americans(1) |
IOM Dietary Reference Intakes(2) |
PHE Government Dietary Recommendations(9,10) |
WHO Healthy Diet(11) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total energy | Female | Male | Female/Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female/male |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1200–1500 | 1500–1800 | 2108–2259 | 1600–2000 | 2000–3000 | Estimated energy requirement† | Estimated energy requirement‡ | 1840–2000 | 2294–2500 | ≥ 1200 with 500–600/d deficit or in balance with energy expenditure |
| Macronutrients: protein, carbohydrate and fat | ||||||||||
| Protein (kcal) (RDA) | 180–375 | 225–450 | 393–398 | 184 | 224 | Varies based on total energy | 180–186 | 213–222 | Varies based on total energy | |
| Protein (% kcal) (AMDR) | 15 or 25 | 15–25 | 10–35 | 10–35 | 10–35 | 10–35 | 15 | 15 | 15 | |
| Carbohydrates (kcal) (RDA) | 420–975 | 525–1170 | 1088–1108 | 520 | 520 | Varies based on total energy | 980–1068 | 1224–1332 | Varies based on total energy | |
| Carbohydrates (% kcal) (AMDR) | 35, 45, 55 or 65 | 45–65 | 45–65 | 45–65 | 45–65 | 45–65 | 50 | 50 | 55–60 | |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 25–30(12) | 24–26 | 22–28 | 28–34 | 14 (21–38)§ | 30 | 30 | |||
| Total fat (kcal) (AMDR) | 240–600 | 300–720 | 799–820 | 300–700 | 400–1050 | Varies based on total energy | 648–702 | 801–873 | Varies based on total energy | |
| Total fat (% kcal) (DGA) | 20 or 40 | 20–35 | 20–35 | 20–35 | 20–35 | 20–35 | 35 | 35 | ≤ 20–30 | |
| Saturated fat (% kcal) (DGA) | 5–6 | < 10 | < 10 | < 10 | As low as possible | 11 | 11 | < 10 | ||
| MUFA | 8% | 32–34 g | No standards set | No standards set | 27–29 g | 33–36 g | ||||
| n-6 PUFA/linoleic acid (AI) | 2% | 13·4–13·9 g | 11–12 g/d | 14–17 g/d | 5–10% | 5–10% | 13–14 g | 17–18 g | ||
| n-3 PUFA/linolenic acid (AI) | 1·1 g/d | 1·6 g/d | 0·6–1·2% | 0·6–1·2% | ||||||
| Micronutrients: vitamins | ||||||||||
| Choline (mg) (AI) | 425 | 550 | 425 | 550 | ||||||
| Vitamin A (mg/d) (RDA) | 1·2–1·3 | 700 | 900 | 700 | 900 | 600 | 700 | |||
| Vitamin B1/thiamin (mg/d) (RDA) | 1·74–1·83 | 1·1 | 1·2 | 1·1 | 1·2 | 0·7–0·8 | 0·9–1·0 | |||
| Vitamin B2/riboflavin (mg/d) (RDA) | 2·18–2·27 | 1·1 | 1·3 | 1·1 | 1·3 | 1·1 | 1·3 | |||
| Vitamin B3/niacin (mg/d) (RDA) | 45·5–45·9 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 12·1–13·2 | 15·1–16·5 | |||
| Vitamin B5/pantothenic Acid (mg/d) (AI) | 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) (RDA) | 1·3–1·5 | 1·3–17 | 1·3–1·5 | 1·3–1·7 | 1·2 | 1·4 | ||||
| Vitamin B7/biotin (μg/d) (AI) | 30 | 30 | ||||||||
| Vitamin B9/folate (μg/d) (RDA) | 286–299 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 200 | 200 | |||
| Vitamin B12 (μg/d) (RDA) | 2·4 | 2·4 | 2·4 | 2·4 | 1·5 | 1·5 | ||||
| Vitamin C (mg/d) (RDA) | 130–142 | 75 | 90 | 75 | 90 | 40 | 40 | |||
| Vitamin D (μg/d) | 15 (RDA) | 15 (RDA) | 5–15 (AI) | 5–15 (AI) | 10 | 10 | ||||
| Vitamin E (mg/d) (RDA) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | ||||||
| Vitamin K (μg/d) (AI) | 90 | 120 | 90 | 120 | ||||||
| Micronutrients: minerals | ||||||||||
| Ca (mg/d) | 888–945 | 1000–1200 (RDA) | 1000–1200 (RDA) | 1000–1200 (AI) | 1000–1200 (AI) | 700 (RDA) | 700 (RDA) | |||
| Cr (μg/d) (AI) | 20–25 | 30–35 | ||||||||
| Chloride (mg/d) (AI) | 1800–2300 | 1800–2300 | 2500 | 2500 | ||||||
| Cu (μg/d) (RDA) | 900 | 900 | 900 | 900 | 1·2 | 1·2 | ||||
| Fluoride (mg/d) (AI) | 3 | 4 | ||||||||
| Iodine (μg/d) | 150 | 150 | 140 | 140 | ||||||
| Fe (mg/d) (RDA) | 15·0–15·6 | 8–18 | 8 | 8–18 | 8 | 8·7–14·8 | 8·7 | |||
| Mg (mg/d) (RDA) | 353–366 | 310–320 | 400–420 | 310–320 | 400–420 | 270 | 300 | |||
| Mn (mg/d) (AI) | 1·8 | 2·3 | 1·8 | 2·3 | ||||||
| Mo (μg/d) (RDA) | 45 | 45 | ||||||||
| P (mg/d) (RDA) | 1626–1673 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 550 | 550 | |||
| K (mg/d) (AI) | 3495–3551 | 4700 | 4700 | 4700 | 4700 | 3500 | 3500 | |||
| Se (μg/d) (RDA) | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 60 | 75 | ||||
| Na (mg/d) (UL) | ≤ 2400 (≤ 1500 is better) | 2300 | 2300 | 2300 | 2300 | 2500 | 2500 | < 5000 | ||
| Zn (mg/d) (RDA) | 12·9–13·3 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 9·5 | |||
AMDR, Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range; DGA, Dietary Guidelines for American; AI, adequate intake; UL, tolerable upper intake level.
Guidelines were established to prevent CVD and manage overweight and obese adults.
Estimated energy requirement equation for males = 662 – (9·53 × age (years)) + PA × ((15·91 × weight (kg)) + (539·6 × height (m))), where PA is the physical activity coefficient.
Estimated energy requirement equation for females = 354 – (6·91 × age (years)) + PA × ((9·36 × weight (kg)) + (726 × height (m))), where PA is the physical activity coefficient.
Values in parentheses are an example of the total g/d of total fibre calculated from 14 g/1000 kcal multiplied by the median energy intake (kcal/1000 kcal/d) from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994–1996, 1998).