Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted risk factors for developing at least one VAP in ICU COVID-19 patients
| Variable | Total ICU patients | VAP group | Univariate | Multivariate | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | aOR (95% CI) | ||||
| 284 | 94 (33) | |||||
| Age > 70 years old | 111 | 37 (33.3) | 1.02 (0.61–1.69) | 0.946 | ||
| Female (vs male), n (%) | 203 | 60 (29.6) | 0.58 (0.34–0.99) | 0.045 | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) | 0.205 |
| SOFA score ≥ 4 | 182 | 71 (39) | 2.19 (1.26–3.81) | 0.005 | 2.11 (1.20–3.71) | 0.009 |
| APACHE II score ≥ 10 | 182 | 67 (36.8) | 1.62 (0.95–2.76) | 0.076 | 1.05 (0.55–2.00) | 0.883 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Arterial hypertension | 156 | 51 (32.7) | 0.96 (0.58–1.58) | 0.872 | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 66 | 28 (42.4) | 1.69 (0.96–2.99) | 0.066 | 1.56 (0.85–2.83) | 0.148 |
| Diabetes | 50 | 17 (34) | 1.05 (0.55–2.00) | 0.881 | ||
| Obesity a | 100 | 40 (40) | 1.60 (0.96–2.67) | 0.068 | 1.55 (0.91–2.65) | 0.106 |
| Chronic lung disease | 38 | 16 (42.1) | 1.56 (0.78–3.15) | 0.205 | ||
| Chronic renal disease b | 13 | 5 (38.5) | 1.27 (0.40–4.02) | 0.674 | ||
| Renal placement therapy | 27 | 11 (40.7) | 1.44 (0.64–3.24) | 0.375 | ||
| Previous neoplasm c | 15 | 6 (40) | 1.37 (0.47–3.97) | 0.559 | ||
| Chronic neurological disorders | 29 | 14 (48.3) | 2.04 (0.94–4.43) | 0.067 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | 29 | 8 (27.6) | 0.75 (0.32–1.76) | 0.506 | ||
| Other chronical diseases | 38 | 12 (31.6) | 0.92 (0.44–1.92) | 0.830 | ||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Corticosteroid therapy | 201 | 69 (34.3) | 1.21 (0.69–2.10) | 0.493 | ||
| Pronation d | 109 | 32 (29.4) | 0.76 (0.45–1.27) | 0.290 | ||
| Barotrauma | 19 | 4 (21.1) | 0.52 (0.17–1.60) | 0.248 | ||
| Blood transfusion | 104 | 45 (43.3) | 2.04 (1.23–3.39) | 0.006 | 2.13 (1.26–3.59) | 0.005 |
| Tocilizumab/Sarilumab | 56 | 26 (46.4) | 2.03 (1.12–3.70) | 0.018 | 2.08 (1.12–3.84) | 0.020 |
| Pre-OTI antibiotic therapy | 149 | 55 (36.9) | 1.44 (0.87–2.37) | 0.151 | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 100 mmHg | 48 | 16 (33.3) | 1.01 (0.52–1.95) | 0.970 | ||
| ICU length of stay > 28 days | 113 | 50 (44.2) | 2.29 (1.38–3.79) | 0.001 | 1.89 (1.10–3.24) | 0.020 |
| 30-day ICU mortality | 104 | 35 (33.7) | 1.04 (0.62–1.73) | 0.880 | ||
| Overall ICU mortality | 120 | 44 (36.7) | 1.32 (0.80–2.17) | 0.274 | ||
IQR Interquartile range, ICU Intensive care unit, BMI Body mass index, SOFA score Sequential organ failure assessment and APACHE II score, Acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation at ICU admission. aObesity is defined as BMI > 30 kg/m2; bStages 3–5 of CKD, chronic kidney disease; cIncludes solid neoplasia or hematological malignancy in the last 5 years; dAt least one cycle of 12 h