TABLE 3.

The chart summarizes how different dietary components, dietary patterns, and some elaboration products affect gut microbiota and thus play a role in preventing CRC.

Diet	Nutrient or Food	Effect	References
Dietary components	Fat	High-fat diet reduces the diversity of intestinal microbiota.	Ridlon et al., 2016; Rivera-Huerta et al., 2017; Rong et al., 2019; Rad et al., 2021
	Protein	High protein diet increases the abundance of intestinal microbiota.	Sakkas et al., 2020; Sankaranarayanan et al., 2020
	Carbohydrates	Dietary fiber produces large amounts of SCFAs after fermentation in the intestine.	Kim et al., 2020
	Vitamin D	Regulation of A. muciniphila-mediated intestinal barrier integrity.	Seesaha et al., 2020; Sankaranarayanan et al., 2021
	Vitamin E	Suppressing the formation of free radicals and the active of protein kinase.	Shadnoush et al., 2013
	Vitamin A and Vitamin B12	Influencing the composition of the intestinal flora.	Shao et al., 2021; Shang et al., 2022
Dietary patterns	Mediterranean diet	ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytochemicals inhibit the expression of colonic inflammatory factors.	Shi et al., 2013; Si et al., 2021
	Vegetarian diet	Reducing the intake of red meat and animal protein, adequate dietary fiber, etc., which can increase the microbial diversity of the intestine.	Smith et al., 2007; Sivan et al., 2015; Silveira et al., 2020; So et al., 2021
Elaboration products	Anthocyanin-rich sausage	It serves as a dietary intervention alternative to CRC, where anthocyanins can regulate intestinal flora.	Song et al., 2018
	Jujube powder	Not only does it increase the number of Bifidobacteria, but it also boosts the efficiency of CRC chemotherapy.	Sun et al., 2020
	Blackcurrant products	It not only reduces the fecal pH, but also reduces the activity of the bacterial β-glucuronidase.	Sung et al., 2021
	Boswellia serrata resin extract	It increases the proportion of Clostridium perfringens and decreases the ratio of Bacteroidetes.	Tabatabaeizadeh et al., 2018