Table 2.
Validation of the simulation model.
| Categories | Questions | Mean 5-point Likert score (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Anatomical realism | The anatomical structures are realistic. | 4.0 ( ± 0.7) |
| The depth perception is comparable to real surgery. | 4.4 ( ± 0.7) | |
| The drilling sensation is comparable to a real human bone. | 4.7 ( ± 0.7) | |
| The color appearance is close to real surgery. | 3.6 ( ± 0.7) | |
| The soft tissue is realistic. | 2.8 ( ± 0.8) | |
| Similarity to the cadaver. | 3.4 ( ± 1.0) | |
| Usefulness as a training tool | This model is useful for the hand-eye coordination training of ESBS. | 4.7 ( ± 0.5) |
| This model is useful for improving the surgical skills of trainees. | 4.6 ( ± 0.5) | |
| This model can be used as an educational tool. | 4.7 ( ± 0.5) | |
| Task-based usefulness | EES procedures | 4.3 ( ± 0.6) |
| ETOS procedures | 4.2 ( ± 0.8) | |
| Overall reaction | This model is useful for ESBS training* | 4.6 ( ± 0.6) |
| I will recommend this model to my colleagues | 4.7 ( ± 0.5) | |
| This model is useful for improving my surgical skills | 4.5 ( ± 0.6) | |
| This model should be included in the resident training curriculum | 4.6 ( ± 0.6) |
*Only for participants who have at least one ESBS cadaver dissection course experience.
SD, standard deviation; ESBS, endoscopic skull base surgery; EES, endoscopic endonasal surgery; ETOS, endoscopic transorbital surgery.