Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Country	Sampling technique	Sample size	Response rate	Population	Related outcomes	NOS quality	JBI score
Abu-Snieneh et al. (2020)13	KSA	Convenience sampling	1265	–	Nurses	Anxiety and depression	Good	5
Alahmadi et al. (2020)14	KSA	–	108	59%	Ophthalmology residents	Depression	Unsatisfactory	4
AlAmmari et al. (2021)23	KSA	Purposive sampling	720	–	HCWs	Anxiety and depression	Satisfactory	4
Alamri et al. (2020)24	KSA	–	542 (HCWs only)	–	General population (including HCWs)	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Unsatisfactory	5
Alanazi et al. (2020)25	KSA	–	3557	–	HCWs	Burnout	Satisfactory	5
AlAteeq et al. (2020)26	KSA	Convenience sampling	502	–	HCWs	Anxiety and depression	Satisfactory	4
Aldarmasi et al. (2021)27	KSA	–	377	–	HCWs	Stress	Unsatisfactory	4
Alenazi et al. (2020)28	KSA	Convenience sampling	4920	3.4%	HCWs	Anxiety	Good	6
AlMahyijari et al. (2020)31	Oman	–	150	–	Nurses and physicians	Anxiety	Unsatisfactory	4
AlMaqbali et al. (2021)32	Oman	–	1130	–	Nurses	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Unsatisfactory	6
Almater et al. (2020)29	KSA	–	107	30.6%	Ophthalmologists	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Unsatisfactory	4
Almubark et al. (2020)30	KSA	–	47	–	Nurses in ICU and ED	Burnout	Unsatisfactory	4
Alsairafi et al. (2021)37	Kuwait	Convenience sampling	559 (HCWs only)	–	HCWs and health students	Anxiety and depression	Good	5
Alsaywid et al. (2020)15	KSA	–	1528	10.7%	Residents and fellows	Anxiety and depression	Satisfactory	5
Alshekaili et al. (2020)33	Oman	Random sampling	1139	–	HCWs	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Unsatisfactory	7
Alsulimani et al. (2021)16	KSA	–	646	–	HCWs	Burnout	Unsatisfactory	6
Alzaid et al. (2020)17	KSA	–	441	96.7%	HCWs	Anxiety	Very Good	6
Arafa et al. (2020)40	KSA and Egypt	Snowball sampling	151 (KSA only)	–	HCWs	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Satisfactory	3
Badahdah et al. (2020)34	Oman	Convenience sampling	509	–	Physicians and nurses	Anxiety and Stress	Unsatisfactory	3
Balay-Odao et al. (2021)18	KSA	Convenience sampling	281	–	Nurses	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Satisfactory	5
Burhamah et al. (2020)38	Kuwait	–	282 (HCWs only)	–	General population (including HCWs)	Anxiety and depression	Satisfactory	3
Cravero et al. (2020)41	International (including KSA)	Snowball sampling	76 (KSA only)	–	Residents and fellows	Burnout	Satisfactory	5
Jahan et al. (2021)35	Oman	–	327	–	Physicians and nurses in PHCs	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Unsatisfactory	4
Jahrami et al. (2020)39	Bahrain	Purposive/convenience sampling	257	94%	HCWs (working directly with patients)	Stress	Satisfactory	5
Joseph et al. (2020)19	KSA	–	110 (HCWs only)	–	General population (including HCWs)	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Satisfactory	6
Khamis et al. (2020)36	Oman	–	402	–	Female physicians and nurses	Anxiety and stress	Unsatisfactory	5
Shalaby et al. (2021)20	KSA	Snowball sampling	1182	–	HCWs in tertiary hospitals	Anxiety and depression	Satisfactory	3
Surrati et al. (2020)21	KSA	–	118	–	HCWs	Anxiety, depression, and stress	Unsatisfactory	5
Temsah et al. (2020)22	KSA	Convenience sampling	582	71.8%	HCWs	Anxiety	Satisfactory	4

Abbreviations: KSA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; JBI, Joanna Briggs Institute.