Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to tertiles (T) of serum TMAO
| Tertiles of serum TMAO | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 696) | T2 (n = 696) | T3 (n = 696) | ||
| Age, y | 56.8 ± 4.7 | 57.5 ± 5.1 | 57.4 ± 4.9 | 0.176 |
| Women, % | 72.7 | 72.7 | 72.7 | 1.000 |
| Household income, % | 0.053 | |||
| ≤ 1500 Yuan/Month/Person | 37.4 | 33.5 | 33.3 | |
| 1501–3000 Yuan/Month/Person | 43.1 | 49.9 | 45.6 | |
| > 3000 Yuan/Month/Person | 19.5 | 16.7 | 21.1 | |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 9.3 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 0.429 |
| Smoker, % | 12.5 | 11.8 | 16.4 | 0.026 |
| Alcohol drinker, % | 5.3 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 0.058 |
| Tea drinker, % | 48.9 | 48.0 | 50.1 | 0.721 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/d | 42.9 ± 16.1 | 42.5 ± 15.9 | 43.1 ± 15.5 | 0.904 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1858 ± 498 | 1822 ± 503 | 1817 ± 515 | 0.123 |
| Red and processed meat intake, g/d | 86.4 ± 45.0 | 85.0 ± 43.3 | 82.8 ± 43.3 | 0.371 |
| Fish and shellfish intake, g/d | 50.7 ± 52.8 | 51.4 ± 42.0 | 64.9 ± 75.0 | < 0.001 |
| Egg intake, g/d | 27.3 ± 21.2 | 29.7 ± 19.8 | 29.6 ± 18.0 | 0.004 |
| Dairy products intake, g/d | 119.3 ± 115.1 | 115.0 ± 117.5 | 122.9 ± 115.3 | 0.123 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 3.0 | 0.067 |
| WHR | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.108 |
| Abdominal obesity, % | 55.0 | 57.6 | 61.5 | 0.048 |
| SBP, mmHg | 122 ± 17 | 123 ± 18 | 122 ± 16 | 0.986 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 10 | 0.452 |
| Hypertension, % | 27.6 | 27.4 | 26.4 | 0.871 |
| eGFRa, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 82.8 ± 12.1 | 80.5 ± 12.6 | 81.4 ± 12.8 | 0.849 |
| Serum TMAO, μmol/L | 0.66 (0.41–0.99) | 1.38 (1.08–2.14) | 4.04 (2.40–6.70) | < 0.001 |
| Serum choline, μmol/L | 19.1 (13.5–24.8) | 18.7 (14.2–25.1) | 19.1 (14.2–25.9) | 0.719 |
| Serum betaine, μmol/L | 51.1 (41.5–61.1) | 51.5 (42.5–63.0) | 51.9 (41.1–62.0) | 0.755 |
| Serum fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.56 ± 0.61 | 4.61 ± 0.67 | 4.59 ± 0.65 | 0.346 |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 8.46 ± 4.87 | 8.99 ± 5.32 | 8.87 ± 5.12 | 0.164 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.84 ± 1.17 | 1.92 ± 1.41 | 1.98 ± 1.44 | 0.503 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.52 ± 0.44 | 5.61 ± 0.46 | 5.64 ± 0.59 | 0.004 |
| Serum TG, mmol/L | 1.51 ± 1.06 | 1.53 ± 1.01 | 1.50 ± 0.96 | 0.849 |
| Serum TC, mmol/L | 5.44 ± 1.06 | 5.44 ± 1.04 | 5.41 ± 1.03 | 0.849 |
| Serum HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.39 ± 0.33 | 1.40 ± 0.34 | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 0.374 |
| Serum LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.61 ± 0.90 | 3.61 ± 0.92 | 3.62 ± 0.87 | 0.975 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 56.3 | 57.2 | 55.6 | 0.838 |
TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide, MET metabolic equivalent of task, BMI body mass index, WHR ratio of waist to hip circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Mean ± SD or Median (IQR) for all continuous variables
aAvailable in 1,384 women and 525 men