Table 3.

Linear mixed-effects models for association between serum TMAO and changes in glycemic traits

	Serum TMAO
	Coefficient (95% CI)	P-value
Serum fasting glucose
Time, mmol/L/y	0.089 (0.081, 0.097)	< 0.001
Group (Ref. T1)
T2	− 0.010 (− 0.072, 0.052)	0.753
T3	− 0.022 (− 0.085, 0.040)	0.485
Time × group
Time × T2	0.007 (− 0.003, 0.018)	0.185
Time × T3	0.011 (0.001, 0.022)	0.044
HbA1c
Time, %/y	0.237 (0.180, 0.294)	< 0.001
Group (Ref. T1)
T2	0.082 (− 0.565, 0.730)	0.803
T3	0.212 (− 0.440, 0.863)	0.524
Time × group
Time × T2	0.059 (− 0.023, 0.142)	0.160
Time × T3	0.020 (− 0.063, 0.103)	0.632
Insulin
Time, μIU/mL/y	0.130 (0.067, 0.193)	< 0.001
Group (Ref. T1)
T2	− 0.017 (− 0.697, 0.663)	0.961
T3	− 0.149 (− 0.842, 0.543)	0.672
Time × group
Time × T2	0.022 (− 0.068, 0.112)	0.632
Time × T3	0.073 (− 0.018, 0.165)	0.115
HOMA-IR
Time,/y	0.076 (0.058, 0.093)	< 0.001
Group (Ref. T1)
T2	− 0.020 (− 0.209, 0.169)	0.836
T3	− 0.039 (− 0.232, 0.153)	0.687
Time × group
Time × T2	0.011 (− 0.015, 0.036)	0.412
Time × T3	0.022 (− 0.004, 0.048)	0.101

TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, T tertile, Ref reference, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance

Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the association between tertile of serum TMAO and the yearly changes of glycemic traits (fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR) overt time. All models were adjusted for baseline age, sex, household income, smoking status, alcohol drinking, tea drinking, hypertension, WHR, physical activity, intakes of total energy, egg, red meat and processed meat, fish and shellfish, serum levels of TG, HDL-C and fasting glucose