Table 3. Determinants of monkeypox vaccination intention and self-isolation intention, the Netherlands, July 2022 (n=394).
| Variables | Vaccination intention (extremely likely vs rest of scale) | Self-isolation intention (extremely likely vs rest of scale) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable model | Multivariable model | Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||||||||
| OR | 95%CI | p value | aOR | 95%CI | p value | OR | 95%CI | p value | aOR | 95%CI | p value | |
| Socio-demographic determinants | ||||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 45 years | Ref. | NA | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| > 45 years | 1.04 | 0.67─1.61 | 0.861 | 1.41 | 0.94─2.11 | 0.098 | 1.11 | 0.70─1.77 | 0.663 | |||
| Relationship | ||||||||||||
| Single | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Single but dating | 1.98 | 1.06─3.73 | 0.033 | 2.42 | 1.13─5.20 | 0.024 | 1.84 | 0.99─3.41 | 0.052 | 1.57 | 0.82─3.03 | 0.177 |
| Monogamous relationship | 0.79 | 0.36─1.75 | 0.564 | 1.25 | 0.45─3.51 | 0.671 | 0.79 | 0.34─1.85 | 0.586 | 0.70 | 0.28─1.72 | 0.434 |
| Open/polyamorous relationship | 3.44 | 1.94─6.08 | < 0.001 | 3.96 | 1.97─7.99 | 0.001 | 1.44 | 0.84─2.47 | 0.186 | 1.20 | 0.67─2.17 | 0.536 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Lower than bachelor | Ref. | NA | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Bachelor | 0.94 | 0.53─1.67 | 0.832 | 0.51 | 0.30─0.89 | 0.017 | 0.54 | 0.30─0.95 | 0.034 | |||
| Master | 1.17 | 0.66─2.08 | 0.593 | 0.49 | 0.29─0.84 | 0.009 | 0.52 | 0.29─0.93 | 0.029 | |||
| PhD or higher | 1.91 | 0.71─5.18 | 0.202 | 0.73 | 0.32─1.66 | 0.454 | 0.83 | 0.34─2.56 | 0.676 | |||
| Employment | ||||||||||||
| Employed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Unemployed or receiving social welfare | 0.84 | 0.53─1.67 | 0.733 | 0.99 | 0.29─3.48 | 0.991 | 2.01 | 0.75─5.42 | 0.166 | 1.77 | 0.63─4.93 | 0.274 |
| Retired | 9.58 | 0.66─2.08 | 0.028 | 11.04 | 1.35─90.36 | 0.025 | 4.79 | 1.73─13.30 | 0.003 | 5.35 | 1.84─15.57 | 0.002 |
| Student | 1.06 | 0.71─5.18 | 0.899 | 1.32 | 0.44─3.99 | 0.613 | 0.76 | 0.30─1.95 | 0.566 | 0.94 | 0.34─2.56 | 0.901 |
| Migration status | ||||||||||||
| Not applicable | Ref. | NA | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| First-generation migrant | 0.83 | 0.44─1.55 | 0.552 | 1.74 | 0.96─3.14 | 0.069 | 1.82 | 0.97─3.45 | 0.064 | |||
| Second-generation migrant | 0.90 | 0.31─2.69 | 0.863 | 2.38 | 0.84─6.69 | 0.101 | 2.59 | 0.84─8.00 | 0.098 | |||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| The rest of the country | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Randstad (main urban area) | 1.34 | 0.87─2.08 | 0.186 | 0.79 | 0.53─1.19 | 0.263 | ||||||
| Behavioural determinants | ||||||||||||
| Number of sex partners in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| 1 | 2.36 | 0.50─11.12 | 0.275 | 1.70 | 0.23─12.63 | 0.603 | 0.71 | 0.15─3.35 | 0.669 | |||
| 2─6 | 3.33 | 0.76─14.48 | 0.108 | 1.62 | 0.24─1099 | 0.617 | 0.45 | 0.10─1.94 | 0.283 | |||
| 7─15 | 5.21 | 1.16─23.42 | 0.031 | 2.26 | 0.32─16.25 | 0.415 | 0.35 | 0.08─1.59 | 0.176 | |||
| More than 15 | 6.37 | 1.38─29.36 | 0.018 | 2.02 | 0.26─15.39 | 0.499 | 0.52 | 0.12─2.31 | 0.389 | |||
| HIV status | ||||||||||||
| HIV-negative | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| HIV-positive | 1.11 | 0.42─2.93 | 0.826 | 1.31 | 0.55─3.10 | 0.536 | ||||||
| HIV status unknown or not disclosed | 0.33 | 0.08─1.27 | 0.107 | 1.64 | 0.43─6.21 | 0.466 | ||||||
| PrEP use status | ||||||||||||
| Current PrEP user | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| PrEP naïve or PrEP discontinued | 0.66 | 0.41─1.06 | 0.0872 | 0.78 | 0.41─1.49 | 0.447 | 0.79 | 0.50─1.22 | 0.286 | |||
| Any type of substance use in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 0.60 | 0.32─1.14 | 0.121 | 1.39 | 0.74─2.58 | 0.302 | ||||||
| Recreational drugs use in the previous 6 months a | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.39 | 0.88─2.19 | 0.163 | 0.95 | 0.63─1.43 | 0.7957 | ||||||
| Chemsex in the previous 6 months b | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 0.90 | 0.55─1.46 | 0.659 | 0.88 | 0.56─1.39 | 0.585 | ||||||
| Poppers use in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.35 | 0.88─2.08 | 0.173 | 1.10 | 0.73─1.64 | 0.632 | ||||||
| Erectile dysfunction medication use in the previous 6 months c | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.48 | 0.95─2.30 | 0.087 | 0.77 | 0.43─1.39 | 0.380 | 1.35 | 0.90─2.02 | 0.144 | |||
| Alcohol use in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.08 | 0.65─1.77 | 0.766 | 0.79 | 0.49─1.26 | 0.320 | ||||||
| Visited a gay sauna in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.44 | 0.91─2.28 | 0.119 | 1,01 | 0.66─152 | 0.965 | ||||||
| Visited a darkroom in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.34 | 0.86─2.10 | 0.199 | 1.32 | 0.88─1.98 | 0.178 | ||||||
| Visited a circuit party in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.01 | 0.63─1.64 | 0.952 | 1.24 | 0.80─1.93 | 0.337 | ||||||
| Visited a pride event in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.17 | 0.76─1.80 | 0.481 | 1.01 | 0.68─1.50 | 0.978 | ||||||
| Visited a gay dance club in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.05 | 0.67─1.65 | 0.823 | 1.05 | 0.69─1.60 | 0.806 | ||||||
| Attended private sex parties in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.20 | 0.74─1.93 | 0.464 | 1.20 | 0.77─1.85 | 0.421 | ||||||
| Visited fetish events/fairs in the previous 6 months | ||||||||||||
| Never | Ref. | NA | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Ever | 1.06 | 0.62─1.78 | 0.840 | 1.21 | 0.75─1.96 | 0.427 | ||||||
| Psychosocial determinants | ||||||||||||
| Knowing anybody who has/had monkeypox | ||||||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | NA | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.87 | 1.41─5.84 | 0.003 | 2.33 | 0.98─5.52 | 0.055 | 1.17 | 0.69─1.97 | 0.565 | |||
| Concern about being infected by monkeypoxd | 1.74 | 1.40─2.16 | < 0.001 | 1.74 | 1.35─2.26 | < 0.001 | 1.10 | 0.94─1.30 | 0.236 | |||
| Perceived risk of being infected by monkeypoxd | 1.73 | 1.40─2.13 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 0.88─1.64 | 0.237 | 1.13 | 0.94─1.36 | 0.190 | |||
| Perceived problematic consequences of monkeypoxd | 1.21 | 0.98─1.50 | 0.075 | 1.18 | 0.90─1.53 | 0.224 | 1.35 | 1.09─1.66 | 0.005 | 1.39 | 1.11─1.74 | 0.005 |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; GHB: gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; NA: not applicable; OR: odds ratio; PrEP: pre-exposure prophylaxis; THC: tetrahydrocannabinol.
a I use substances recreationally (for example THC, MDMA, ecstasy, etc).
b I use substances in the context of sex (for example crystal methamphetamine/tina, GHB, ketamine etc.).
c I use erectile dysfunction medication (for example Viagra, Kamagra).
d indicates variable with a 1−5 Likert scale, with 1 = extremely unlikely and 5 = extremely likely)