TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants by waves (N = 15,620) (Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey, China, 2011, 2014, 2018).
| Variables | 2011 wave | 2014 wave | 2018 wave | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | |
| (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | |
| N | 4,221 | 3,907 | 2,556 | 2,493 | 1,172 | 1,271 |
| Male | 1,961 | 1,865 | 1,245 | 1,221 | 566 | 633 |
| (46.46) | (47.73) | (48.71) | (48.98) | (48.29) | (49.80) | |
| Age, years | 85.02 | 84.84 | 84.19 | 84.11 | 84.50 | 84.02 |
| (11.23) | (10.68) | (10.17) | (9.60) | (8.42) | (7.64) | |
| Age≥80, years | 2,727 | 2,494 | 1,578 | 1,526 | 802 | 844 |
| (64.61) | (63.83) | (61.74) | (61.21) | (68.43) | (66.40) | |
| Married | 1,605 | 1,522 | 1,063 | 1,050 | 482 | 558 |
| (38.2) | (39.07) | (42.07) | (42.48) | (41.52) | (44.36) | |
| Illiterate | 2,572 | 1,957 | 1,443 | 1,152 | 600 | 546 |
| (61.33) | (50.21) | (56.63) | (46.34) | (51.41) | (43.03) | |
| White collar | 301 | 1,265 | 196 | 788 | 84 | 351 |
| (8.28) | (33.88) | (9.04) | (32.89) | (8.73) | (29.62) | |
| Region | ||||||
| Eastern | 1,581 | 1,470 | 920 | 1,031 | 453 | 464 |
| (37.46) | (37.62) | (35.99) | (41.36) | (38.65) | (36.51) | |
| Central south | 2,099 | 1,204 | 1,326 | 699 | 589 | 466 |
| (49.73) | (30.82) | (51.88) | (28.04) | (50.26) | (36.66) | |
| West | 327 | 671 | 182 | 436 | 74 | 226 |
| (7.75) | (17.17) | (7.12) | (17.49) | (6.31) | (17.78) | |
| North | 72 | 222 | 37 | 144 | 26 | 54 |
| (1.71) | (5.68) | (1.45) | (5.78) | (2.22) | (4.25) | |
| Northeast | 142 | 340 | 91 | 183 | 30 | 61 |
| (3.36) | (8.70) | (3.56) | (7.34) | (2.56) | (4.80) | |
| Economic status | ||||||
| Poor | 682 | 556 | 334 | 253 | 147 | 98 |
| (16.28) | (14.32) | (13.18) | (10.20) | (12.66) | (7.78) | |
| Neutral | 2,871 | 2,584 | 1,865 | 1,711 | 784 | 867 |
| (68.52) | (66.56) | (73.6) | (68.99) | (67.53) | (68.81) | |
| Richer | 637 | 742 | 335 | 516 | 230 | 295 |
| (15.20) | (19.11) | (13.22) | (20.81) | (19.81) | (23.41) | |
| ADLs disability | 958 | 1,032 | 563 | 626 | 219 | 289 |
| (22.70) | (26.41) | (22.03) | (25.11) | (18.69) | (22.74) | |
| IADLs disability | 2,715 | 2,419 | 1,531 | 1,534 | 745 | 809 |
| (64.32) | (61.91) | (59.9) | (61.53) | (63.57) | (63.65) | |
| Having social security and insurance | 3,911 | 3,577 | 2,445 | 2,369 | 1,064 | 1,146 |
| (94.01) | (92.88) | (97.26) | (96.26) | (92.28) | (92.64) | |
| Number of chronic diseases | ||||||
| None | 1,738 | 1,304 | 1,005 | 757 | 418 | 358 |
| (41.18) | (33.38) | (39.32) | (30.37) | (35.67) | (28.17) | |
| One | 1,127 | 982 | 692 | 652 | 352 | 400 |
| (26.70) | (25.13) | (27.07) | (26.15) | (30.03) | (31.47) | |
| Two or more | 1,356 | 1,621 | 859 | 1,084 | 402 | 513 |
| (32.13) | (41.49) | (33.61) | (43.48) | (34.30) | (40.36) | |
| Access to healthcare service | 3,914 | 3,710 | 2,424 | 2,400 | 1,116 | 1,230 |
| (93.06) | (95.57) | (95.51) | (97.05) | (96.46) | (98.32) | |
| Cohabiting with others | 3,327 | 3,185 | 1,944 | 2,030 | 865 | 980 |
| (79.42) | (81.92) | (76.96) | (81.56) | (76.68) | (80.59) | |
| Smoking | 855 | 691 | 475 | 461 | 201 | 198 |
| (20.34) | (17.75) | (18.66) | (18.58) | (17.27) | (15.78) | |
| Drinking | 781 | 638 | 431 | 388 | 181 | 192 |
| (18.63) | (16.52) | (17.02) | (15.66) | (15.7) | (15.45) | |
| Exercising | 1,120 | 1,717 | 551 | 1,003 | 303 | 481 |
| (26.89) | (44.32) | (21.96) | (41.38) | (26.23) | (38.73) | |
Note: SD or % is presented in parentheses.
ADLs, Activities of daily living; IADLs, Instrumental activities of daily living.