TABLE 3.
Characteristics of participants by waves in matched cohort (N = 9,299) (Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey, China, 2011, 2014, 2018).
| Variables | 2011 wave | 2014 wave | 2018 wave | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | |
| (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | (%/SD) | |
| N | 2,667 | 2,213 | 1,614 | 1,345 | 757 | 703 |
| Male | 1,179 | 998 | 764 | 642 | 366 | 348 |
| (44.21) | (45.10) | (47.34) | (47.73) | (48.35) | (49.50) | |
| Age, years | 85.57 | 85.84 | 84.47 | 84.92 | 84.75 | 84.26 |
| (11.33) | (10.72) | (10.27) | (9.96) | (8.57) | (8.14) | |
| Age≥80, years | 1,785 | 1,509 | 1,016 | 863 | 528 | 451 |
| (66.93) | (68.19) | (62.95) | (64.16) | (69.75) | (64.15) | |
| Married | 978 | 776 | 669 | 533 | 303 | 295 |
| (36.74) | (35.10) | (41.94) | (39.98) | (40.45) | (42.45) | |
| Illiterate | 1,656 | 1,202 | 914 | 659 | 384 | 313 |
| (62.23) | (54.32) | (56.77) | (49.00) | (50.93) | (44.52) | |
| White collar | 144 | 542 | 91 | 341 | 45 | 145 |
| (6.36) | (25.82) | (6.84) | (26.50) | (7.41) | (22.76) | |
| Region | ||||||
| Eastern | 800 | 746 | 445 | 476 | 250 | 180 |
| (30.00) | (33.71) | (27.57) | (35.39) | (33.03) | (25.60) | |
| Central south | 1,582 | 850 | 1,008 | 486 | 444 | 337 |
| (59.32) | (38.41) | (62.45) | (36.13) | (58.65) | (47.94) | |
| West | 188 | 394 | 92 | 239 | 35 | 132 |
| (7.05) | (17.80) | (5.70) | (17.77) | (4.62) | (18.78) | |
| North | 27 | 94 | 20 | 60 | 11 | 20 |
| (1.01) | (4.25) | (1.24) | (4.46) | (1.45) | (2.84) | |
| Northeast | 70 | 129 | 49 | 84 | 17 | 34 |
| (2.62) | (5.83) | (3.04) | (6.25) | (2.25) | (4.84) | |
| Economic status | ||||||
| Poor | 454 | 324 | 221 | 156 | 107 | 57 |
| (17.04) | (14.65) | (13.82) | (11.66) | (14.19) | (8.17) | |
| Neutral | 1,880 | 1,561 | 1,204 | 928 | 514 | 493 |
| (70.54) | (70.60) | (75.30) | (69.36) | (68.17) | (70.63) | |
| Richer | 331 | 326 | 174 | 254 | 133 | 148 |
| (12.42) | (14.74) | (10.88) | (18.98) | (17.64) | (21.20) | |
| ADLs disability | 578 | 567 | 363 | 334 | 138 | 160 |
| (21.67) | (25.62) | (22.49) | (24.83) | (18.23) | (22.76) | |
| IADLs disability | 1,727 | 1,417 | 951 | 842 | 477 | 439 |
| (64.75) | (64.03) | (58.92) | (62.60) | (63.01) | (62.45) | |
| Having social security and insurance | 2,448 | 1,992 | 1,550 | 1,266 | 692 | 628 |
| (93.08) | (91.50) | (97.42) | (95.55) | (92.14) | (91.81) | |
| Number of chronic diseases | ||||||
| None | 1,204 | 854 | 701 | 460 | 298 | 209 |
| (45.14) | (38.59) | (43.43) | (34.20) | (39.37) | (29.73) | |
| One | 705 | 586 | 437 | 360 | 221 | 217 |
| (26.43) | (26.48) | (27.08) | (26.77) | (29.19) | (30.87) | |
| Two or more | 758 | 773 | 476 | 525 | 238 | 277 |
| (28.42) | (34.93) | (29.49) | (39.03) | (31.44) | (39.40) | |
| Access to healthcare services | 2,440 | 2,070 | 1,516 | 1,287 | 720 | 677 |
| (91.90) | (94.18) | (94.69) | (96.40) | (95.87) | (97.97) | |
| Cohabiting with others | 2,106 | 1,801 | 1,222 | 1,099 | 550 | 540 |
| (79.65) | (81.79) | (76.81) | (81.89) | (75.76) | (80.48) | |
| Smoking | 513 | 393 | 296 | 253 | 127 | 114 |
| (19.34) | (17.82) | (18.44) | (18.88) | (16.89) | (16.45) | |
| Drinking | 448 | 359 | 269 | 199 | 120 | 103 |
| (16.92) | (16.41) | (16.82) | (14.88) | (16.13) | (14.91) | |
| Exercising | 641 | 876 | 310 | 490 | 181 | 243 |
| (24.29) | (39.87) | (19.56) | (37.43) | (24.30) | (35.37) | |
Note: SD or % is presented in parentheses.
AHC, Annual health check-ups; ADLs, Activities of daily living; IADLs, Instrumental activities of daily living.