Table 1.
Basic cohort demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 1484) | Urinary retention (N = 284) | No urinary retention (N = 1200) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age at surgery, y, mean (SD) | 59.1 (15.1) | 65.7 (12.0) | 57.5 (15.3) | <.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 51 | 197 (69.4) | 560 (46.7) | <.001 |
| White race, n (%) | 251 (88.4) | 966 (80.5) | .002 | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Body mass index | 27.9 (6.6) | 27.4 (5.7) | 28.1 (6.8) | .086 |
| Current smoker | 296 (20.0) | 54 (19.0) | 242 (20.3) | .640 |
| Past smoker | 632 (42.7) | 156 (54.9) | 476 (39.8) | <.001 |
| Never smoked | 551 (37.3) | 74 (26.1) | 477 (39.9) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 284 (19.2) | 61 (21.5) | 223 (18.7) | .279 |
| Hypertension | 828 (56.0) | 188 (66.2) | 640 (53.6) | <.001 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 24 (1.6) | 4 (1.4) | 20 (1.7) | 1.000 |
| Congestive heart failure | 76 (5.1) | 17 (6.0) | 59 (4.9) | .472 |
| Coronary artery disease | 247 (16.7) | 73 (25.7) | 174 (14.6) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 76 (5.1) | 22 (7.7) | 54 (4.5) | .027 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 373 (25.2) | 104 (36.6) | 269 (22.5) | <.001 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 34 (2.3) | 7 (2.5) | 27 (2.3) | .836 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 44 (3.0) | 10 (3.5) | 34 (2.8) | .547 |
| Prior cardiothoracic surgery | 551 (37.3) | 128 (45.1) | 423 (35.4) | .002 |
| Preoperative chemotherapy, current malignancy | 162 (11.0) | 34 (12.0) | 128 (10.7) | .541 |
| Preoperative thoracic radiation therapy | 147 (9.9) | 32 (11.3) | 115 (9.6) | .405 |
| Interstitial fibrosis | 59 (4.0) | 15 (5.3) | 44 (3.7) | .216 |
| Steroids | 150 (10.1) | 26 (9.2) | 124 (10.4) | .540 |
| Preoperative creatinine level | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin level | 12.8 (2.1) | 13.2 (2.0) | 12.7 (2.2) | .001 |
| Normal activity, no symptoms | 248 (16.8) | 38 (13.4) | 210 (17.6) | .089 |
| Symptoms, fully ambulatory | 813 (55.0) | 176 (62.0) | 637 (53.3) | .008 |
| Symptoms, in bed ≤50% of the time | 313 (21.2) | 60 (21.1) | 253 (21.2) | .987 |
| Symptoms, in bed >50% but <100% of the time | 94 (6.4) | 9 (3.2) | 85 (7.1) | .014 |
| Bedridden | 11 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 10 (0.8) | .701 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | 83 (5.6) | 33 (11.7) | 50 (4.2) | <.0001 |
| Any other urinary tract pathology | 109 (7.4) | 24 (8.5) | 85 (7.1) | .417 |
| Preoperative tamsulosin use | 89 (6.0) | 39 (13.8) | 50 (4.2) | <.0001 |
| Other BPH medication use | 17 (1.1) | 6 (2.1) | 11 (0.9) | .088 |
| Intraoperative/postoperative factors | ||||
| Emergent, n (%) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | 1.000 |
| Urgent, n (%) | 35 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (2.9) | .001 |
| Elective, n (%) | 1444 (97.3) | 284 (100) | 1160 (96.7) | <.001 |
| Palliative, n (%) | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.3) | 1.000 |
| Duration of procedure, min, mean (SD) | 110.3 (134.2) | 117.7 (107.3) | 108.5 (139.9) | .223 |
| Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia, n (%) | 255 (17.3) | 69 (24.6) | 186 (15.6) | <.001 |
| Preoperative epidural catheter, n (%) | 43 (2.9) | 5 (1.8) | 38 (3.2) | .199 |
| Preoperative paravertebral catheter, n (%) | 106 (7.2) | 23 (8.2) | 83 (7.0) | .490 |
SD, Standard deviation.