Fig. 1. Simulated carrier lifetime (a and c) and internal PLQY (b and d) as solutions to the system of equations eqn (1)–(5). (a and b) With variable doping density and trap density fixed at 1016 cm⁻³ (parameters listed in Table S1 (ESI†)); (c and d) with variable trap density and doping density fixed at 1018 cm⁻³ (parameters listed in Table S2 (ESI†)). Shaded regions indicate the experimental measurement ranges showed in Fig. 2 and 3.