Table 2.
Participants characteristics and group differences among three patterns of social participation at the baseline (N = 2,537).
| Characteristics |
Whole sample (n = 2,537) n (%) |
Class 1 (n = 1,176) n (%) |
Class 2 (n = 918) n (%) |
Class 3 (n = 443) n (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | <0.001 | ||||
| 60–84 | 1,877 (74.0) | 885 (75.3) | 765 (83.3) | 227 (51.2) | |
| ≥ 85 | 660 (26.0) | 291 (24.7) | 153 (16.7) | 216 (48.8) | |
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 1,300 (51.2) | 465 (39.5) | 614 (66.9) | 221 (49.9) | |
| Female | 1,237 (48.8) | 711 (60.5) | 304 (33.1) | 222 (50.1) | |
| Residence | <0.001 | ||||
| City or town | 1,104 (43.5) | 433 (36.8) | 482 (52.5) | 189 (42.7) | |
| Rural | 1433 (56.5) | 743 (63.2) | 436 (47.5) | 254 (57.3) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-illiterate | 1,372 (54.1) | 482 (41.0) | 703 (76.6) | 187 (42.2) | |
| Illiterate | 1,165 (45.9) | 694 (59.0) | 215 (23.4) | 256 (57.8) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | ||||
| High level | 119 (4.7) | 8 (0.7) | 10 (2.3) | 101 (22.8) | |
| Low level | 2,418 (95.3) | 1,168 (99.3) | 908 (97.7) | 342 (77.2) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||||
| Married | 1,409 (55.5) | 605 (51.4) | 633 (69.0) | 171 (38.6) | |
| Others | 1,128 (44.5) | 571 (45.6) | 285 (31.0) | 272 (61.4) | |
| Income (Yuan) | <0.001 | ||||
| Above average income | 1,377 (54.3) | 543 (46.2) | 596 (64.9) | 238 (53.7) | |
| Below average income | 1,160 (45.7) | 633 (53.8) | 322 (35.1) | 205 (46.3) | |
| Living arrangements | <0.001 | ||||
| Living with family | 1,987 (78.3) | 887 (75.4) | 764 (83.2) | 336 (75.8) | |
| Living alone | 550 (21.7) | 289 (24.6) | 154 (16.8) | 107 (24.2) | |
| Self-rated health | <0.001 | ||||
| Very good, good | 1,277 (50.3) | 546 (46.4) | 542 (59.0) | 189 (42.7) | |
| Fair, poor, or very poor | 1,260 (49.7) | 630 (53.6) | 376 (41.0) | 254 (57.3) | |
| ADL limitations | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 2,371 (93.5) | 1,127 (95.8) | 883 (96.2) | 361 (81.5) | |
| Yes | 166 (6.5) | 49 (4.2) | 35 (3.8) | 82 (18.5) | |
| Positive emotions in 2018 | <0.001 | ||||
| Higher | 1,058 (41.7) | 446 (37.9) | 456 (49.7) | 156 (35.2) | |
| Lower | 1,479 (58.3) | 730 (62.1) | 462 (50.3) | 287 (64.8) | |
| Negative emotions in 2018 | <0.001 | ||||
| Lower | 1,419 (55.9) | 612 (52.0) | 595 (64.8) | 212 (47.9) | |
| Higher | 1,118 (44.1) | 564 (48.0) | 323 (35.2) | 231 (52.1) |