Table 1.

Studies included in the meta-analysis

Citation	Grade Level	Sample Size	Nature of Design	Composition Outcomes	Instruction Focus	Students with weak writing skills
Berninger et al., 2000	3	93	Quasi-experimental	Productivity	Transcription	Yes
Berninger et al., 2000	3	48	Quasi-experimental	Productivity	Transcription	Yes
Berninger et al., 2002	3	96	RCT	Productivity; quality	Transcription	Yes
Carlisle, 2016	2 and 3	24	RCT	Quality; productivity; other	Transcription	Yes
Graham, Harris, & Chorzempa, 2002	2	60	RCT	Fluency; productivity; quality	Transcription	Yes
Graham, Harris, & Fink, 2000	1	38	RCT	Fluency; quality	Transcription	Yes
Graham, Harris, & Mason, 2005	3	72	RCT	Quality; productivity; other	SRSD	Yes
Harris, 2015	2	53	RCT	Quality	SRSD	Yes
Harris, Graham, & Mason, 2006	2	66	RCT	Quality, productivity	SRSD	Yes
Hooper et al., 2013	2	205	RCT	Quality	Transcription	Yes
Jones, 2004	1	381	Quasi-experimental	Fluency	Transcription	No
Jung, McMaster, & delMas, 2017	1, 2, and 3	48	RCT	Fluency; productivity; other	Transcription	Yes
Kozlow & Bellamy, 2004	3 and older	424	RCT	Quality; other	Other	No
Lane et al., 2011	2	49	RCT	Quality, productivity	SRSD	Yes
Paquette, 2008	2 and older	85	Quasi-experimental	Quality	Other	No
Puma, Tarkow, & Puma, 2007	3 and older	2405	RCT	Quality; other	Other	No
Puranik, Patchan, Lemons, & Al Otaiba, 2017	kindergarten	86	Quasi-experimental	Other	Transcription	No
Roberts & Meiring, 2006	1	39	RCT	Productivity	Transcription	No
Rosenthal, 2006	3	45	RCT	Productivity; fluency; other	Other	No
Shorter, 2001	3	91	Quasi-experimental	Fluency; quality; other	Transcription	No
Sinclair, 2005	3	36	Quasi-experimental	Quality, productivity	Other	No
Swain, Graves, & Morse, 2007	3 and older	941	Quasi-experimental	Quality	Other	No
Tracy, Reid, & Graham, 2009	3	126	RCT	Quality; productivity; other	SRSD	No
Wanzek, Gatlin, Al Otaiba, & Kim, 2017	1	78	RCT	Productivity; other	Transcription	Yes

RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial