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. 2022 Aug 19;12:14162. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18422-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis and mapping of DEGs potentially involved in respiratory pathways in seabream spermatozoa. (a) Hierarchical clustering heatmap of RNA-seq expression z-scores computed for genes encoding enzymes potentially involved in carbohydrate metabolism, penthose phosphate pathway (PPP), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), that are differentially expressed (p-adj < 0.01; Log2 fold change > 1) between HGC and SPZ_EJ. The map was generated with the ‘pheatmap’ R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pheatmap). (b) Schematic diagram of the biochemical pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, PPP, TCA cycle and OXPHOS. Enzyme-coding DEGs in green and red color denotes downregulation and upregulation, respectively, whereas black color indicates no change in the expression levels. The diagram was generated using CorelDRAW Graphics Suite 2021.5 (https://www.coreldraw.com/). (c) Validation of the changes in expression of 11 selected genes classified into respiratory pathways by qRT-PCR. Data from qRT-PCR are the mean ± SEM (n = 3 pools of 3 different fish each) and were plotted using the GraphPad Prism v8.4.3 (686) software (https://www.graphpad.com/).