Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the valproate only users, lithium only users, both valproate and lithium users, and nonusers.
| VALP | LITH | BOTH | NONE | p | Post-hoc* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1164) | (n = 621) | (n = 621) | (n = 2378) | |||
| Age (y) | 57.92 ± 6.82 | 58.08 ± 6.95 | 58.08 ± 6.95 | 58.05 ± 6.93 | 0.94 | |
| 50–60 | 780 (67.01) | 410 (66.02) | 410 (66.02) | 1574 (66.19) | 0.99 | |
| 60–70 | 292 (25.09) | 157 (25.28) | 157 (25.28) | 597 (25.11) | ||
| 70–80 | 92 (7.90) | 54 (8.70) | 54 (8.70) | 207 (8.70) | ||
| > 80 | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Sex | 0.99 | |||||
| Male | 447 (38.40) | 237 (38.16) | 237 (38.16) | 898 (37.76) | ||
| Female | 717 (61.60) | 384 (61.84) | 384 (61.84) | 1480 (62.24) | ||
| Type of insurance | ||||||
| Health insurance | 1031 (88.57) | 545 (87.76) | 545 (87.76) | 2177 (91.55) | a, b, c < d | |
| Medical aid | 133 (11.43) | 76 (12.24) | 76 (12.24) | 201 (8.45) | ||
| CCI score | < 0.01 | |||||
| ≤ 1 | 346 (55.72) | 634 (54.47) | 359 (57.81) | 1155 (48.57) | a, b, c > d | |
| 2 | 123 (19.81) | 210 (18.04) | 107 (17.23) | 464 (19.51) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 152 (24.48) | 320 (27.49) | 155 (24.96) | 759 (31.92) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 28 (2.41) | 9 (1.45) | 13 (2.09) | 57 (5.40) | 0.52 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 9 (0.77) | 4 (0.64) | 3 (0.48) | 10 (0.42) | 0.53 | |
| Coronary artery disorder | 74 (6.36) | 25 (4.03) | 29 (4.67) | 189 (7.95) | < 0.01 | a, c < d |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 19 (1.63) | 9 (1.45) | 8 (1.29) | 33 (1.39) | 0.93 | |
| Diabetes | 175 (15.03) | 94 (15.14) | 86 (13.85) | 386 (16.23) | 0.47 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 96 (8.25) | 47 (7.57) | 49 (7.89) | 235 (9.88) | 0.14 | |
| Psychotic disorder | ||||||
| Depressive disorder | 475 (40.81) | 261 (42.03) | 241 (38.81) | 1328 (55.85) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Substance related disorder | 9 (0.77) | 1 (0.16) | 3 (0.48) | 11 (0.46) | 0.38 | |
| Alcohol related disorder | 168 (14.43) | 60 (9.66) | 51 (8.21) | 159 (6.69) | < 0.01 | b > a > d |
| Medication | ||||||
| Anticholinergics | 523 (44.93) | 294 (47.34) | 305 (49.11) | 1034 (43.48) | 0.05 | |
| Antipsychotics | 935 (80.33) | 483 (77.78) | 483 (77.78) | 1862 (78.30) | 0.44 | |
| SSRI/SNRI | 607 (52.15) | 310 (49.92) | 284 (45.73) | 1491 (62.70) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Antiepileptics | 277 (23.80) | 141 (22.71) | 126 (20.29) | 548 (23.04) | 0.40 | |
| TCA | 432 (37.11) | 228 (36.71) | 211 (33.98) | 1084 (45.58) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Benzodiazepine | 1064 (91.41) | 551 (88.73) | 567 (91.30) | 2209 (92.89) | < 0.01 | a < d |
| Anti-inflammatory analgesics | 1002 (86.08) | 515 (82.93) | 518 (83.41) | 2146 (90.24) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Narcotic analgesics | 786 (67.53) | 383 (61.67) | 395 (63.61) | 1708 (71.83) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| H2RA | 862 (74.05) | 430 (69.24) | 446 (71.82) | 1886 (79.31) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| ERT | 100 (8.59) | 48 (7.73) | 49 (7.89) | 215 (9.04) | 0.66 | |
| Antidiabetic agents | 191 (16.41) | 87 (14.01) | 97 (15.62) | 402 (16.90) | 0.36 | |
| Statin | 297 (25.52) | 141 (22.71) | 152 (24.48) | 710 (29.86) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Anticoagulant | 206 (17.70) | 95 (15.30) | 105 (16.91) | 413 (17.37) | 0.60 | |
| Platelet aggregation inhibitors | 337 (28.95) | 137 (22.06) | 160 (25.76) | 799 (33.60) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Antihypertensive | 674 (57.90) | 336 (58.94) | 358 (57.65) | 1533 (64.47) | < 0.01 | b, c < d |
| Fluorquinolones | 413 (35.48) | 205 (33.01) | 202 (32.53) | 995 (41.84) | < 0.01 | a, b, c < d |
| Others** | 347 (29.81) | 188 (30.27) | 177 (28.50) | 960 (40.37) | < 0.01 | |
| Mean follow-up duration (y) | 6.64 ± 2.80 | 6.87 ± 2.66 | 6.89 ± 2.62 | 7.01 ± 2.51 | < 0.01 | b < d |
| Index year | 0.72 | |||||
| 2008 | 187 (16.07) | 103 (16.59) | 103 (16.59) | 448 (18.84) | ||
| 2009 | 300 (25.77) | 165 (26.57) | 165 (26.57) | 541 (22.75) | ||
| 2010 | 177 (15.21) | 94 (15.14) | 94 (15.14) | 350 (14.72) | ||
| 2011 | 204 (17.53) | 106 (17.07) | 106 (17.07) | 417 (17.54) | ||
| 2012 | 210 (18.04) | 107 (17.23) | 107 (17.23) | 433 (18.21) | ||
| 2013** | 86 (7.39) | 46 (7.41) | 46 (7.41) | 189 (7.95) | ||
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number only, or number (%).
py, person-years; SSRI, selective serotonin receptor inhibitor; SNRI, serotonin norepinephrine receptor inhibitor; TCA, ticyclic antidepressants; H2RA, histamine 2 receptor antagonist; ERT, estrogen replacement therapy.
*a: Lithium only users, b: Valproic acid only user, c: both users, d: both non-users.
**Others included bicalutamide, buspirone, digoxinm, and tirpramide.
***Until August.