Figure 1.

Study design. Expression-based genome-wide association study (eGWAS) for type 1 diabetes (T1D) was carried out in 169 case-control microarray samples collected from the National Institute of Health (NIH) database (GEO; Gene Expression Omnibus). P values (–log10 [P]) were calculated by comparing dysregulation distribution of genes in pancreatic islets between T1D and control microarrays. Our T1D biomarker candidates extracted from eGWAS were verified by 2 independent groups of human serum samples, the first group for screening protein biomarkers and the second group for validation.