Table 1.

Gene-specific primers used in the real-time quantitative PCR

Gene	Primer sequences (5′-3′)
Beclin-1	Forward 5′-TCATGCGATGGTGGCTTTCC-3′ Reverse 5′-ATGGAATAGGAGCCGCCACT-3′
ATG5	Forward 5′-ACCTTTGCAGTGGCTGAGTG-3′ Reverse 5′-TCAATCTGTTGGTTGCGGGA-3′
ATG12	Forward 5′-CAACTGCTGCTGAGGGCGATG-3′ Reverse 5′-CACCGGCAGGTTCTTCTGTTCC-3′
P62	Forward 5′-CTGATGAAGGTGGCTGGCTGAC-3′Reverse 5′-CAAGGGCGGTGGGTGTTTCG-3′
PI3K	Forward 5′-ACGGAGGAGGTGCTCTGGAAC-3′ Reverse 5′-GGACTCGGGACTGGGCATCTC-3′
Akt	Forward 5′-GACGGCACCTTCATCGGCTAC-3′ Reverse 5′-CGCCACGGAGAAGTTGTTGAGG-3′
mTOR	Forward 5′-GCACGTCAGCACCATCAACCTC-3′ Reverse 5′-GCCTCAGCCATTCCAACCAGTC-3′