Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Aug 20;41:254. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02456-5

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — EBV product-containing exosomes enhance fibrotic and inflammatory signalings in fibroblasts. A Analysis of signaling pathways in fibroblasts stimulated with HK1EBV cell-derived exosomes compared with those exposed to medium. The top-scoring signaling pathways were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (QIAGEN). The identified pathways were ranked by significance [−log (p-value)]. The number of genes that met cutoff criteria [|log2(FC)| > 0.5 and p value < 0.05] in a given signaling pathway was shown. Total RNAs were harvested 3 hours post HK1EBV cell-derived exosome (10 μg/ml) stimulation. B Analysis of KEGG pathways in fibroblasts stimulated with HK1EBV cell-derived exosomes compared with those exposed to medium. C Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) in fibroblasts treated with HK1EBV cell-derived exosomes. GSEA plots for gene sets involved in inflammatory response, TGFβ signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were identified. Expression values were normalized to that of control fibroblasts. Significance threshold set at FDR < 0.25. D Volcano plots of transcriptomic analyses revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Cutoff values were defined as |log2(FC)| > 0.5 and a P-value < 0.05. Total RNA was harvested 3 hours and 6 hours post exosome stimulation (10 μg/ml). E Expression heatmap of select genes upregulated by EBV product-containing exosomes. Expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR and normalized with respect to peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), used as an internal control. Values are expressed as log2 (fold change). F Western blot analysis of IL8, IL6, and CCL2 in fibroblasts. Protein lysates were harvested after 2-hour exosomal stimulation plus 4-hr treatment with Brefeldin A. GAPDH was used as a loading control. G Quantification of secreted IL8, IL6, and CCL2 in cell-free culture supernatants collected 3 hours post exosomal stimulation of fibroblasts. Data are presented as means ± SD of triplicate experiments (*p < 0.05**, p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; paired t test)