Table 1.
Inhibitory activities of selected F&F materials against SARS-CoV-2 cysteine proteases.
| English common name | Source plant botanical name | Main compounds of the natural product | Country of origin | Mpro (%)a | PLpro (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altingiaceae | |||||
| Storax gum | Liquidambar styraciflua |
Cinnamyl cinnamate 3-Phenylpropyl cinnamate |
Honduras | 90.5 ± 3.6 | 8 |
| Storax resinoid | Liquidambar orientalis | Honduras | 93.1 ± 0.7 | 13 | |
| Amaranthaceae | |||||
| Spinach absolute | Spinacia oleracea | Flavonoids | Egypt | 76.6 ± 5.9 | 15 |
| Apiaceae | |||||
| Galbanum resinoid |
Ferula gummosa Boiss syn. Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. et Buhse |
(+)-Nopinone (+)-Eremorphilene β-Amyrin |
Iran | 78.2 ± 0.8 | 11 |
| Lovage root EO | Levisticum officinale Koch | (Z)-Ligustilide | Hungary | 76.5 ± 1.9 | 39 |
| Brassicaceae | |||||
| Rocket absolute | Eruca vesicaria | Erucic acid | Egypt | 100 | 26 |
| Burseraceae | |||||
| Elemi gum | Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray |
β-Amyrin, brein, elemadienoic acid β-phellandrene Elemol Elemicin |
Philippines | 97.1 ± 1.9 | 17 |
| Cistaceae | |||||
| Labdanum gum refined | Cistus ladanifer | Labdanoic acid | Spain | 73.7 ± 2.2 | 0 |
| Cupressaceae | |||||
| Blue cypress EO | Callitris intratropica |
(+)-Bulnesol ( −)-Guaiol |
Australia | 73.1 ± 2.7 | 0 |
| Cade crude ex-sabine EO | Juniperus phoenicea |
α-Pinene δ − 3-Carene β-Phellandrene |
Spain | 94.0 ± 0.6 | 31 |
| Siam wood EO | Fokienia hodginsii |
Fokienol (E)-Nerolidol |
Vietnam | 83.8 ± 1.5 | 3 |
| Fabaceae | |||||
| Cabreuva red EO | Myrocarpus fastigiatus Allemao | (E)-Nerolidol | Paraguay | 78.6 ± 0.9 | 19 |
| Tolu resinoid | Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms |
Benzyl benzoate Benzyl cinnamate |
Venezuela | 77.3 ± 4.6 | 15 |
| Parmeliaceae | |||||
| Oakmoss absolute | Evernia Prunastri |
Evernin, Atranorin β-Orcinolcarboxylate |
North Macedonia | 71.4 ± 3.1 | 16 |
| Poaceae | |||||
| Vetiver EO |
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash |
Khusimol Vetiselinenol |
Haiti | 74.2 ± 4.3 | 0 |
| Rutaceae | |||||
| Petitgrain mandarin (PM) EO |
Citrus reticulata Blanco syn. Citrus nobilis Andrews |
Dimethyl anthranilate | Egypt, Spain | 85.3 ± 6.2 | 100 |
| Santalaceae | |||||
| Sandalwood EO | Santalum austro-caledonicum | α-Santalol | New Caledonia | 70.9 ± 3.3 | 4 |
| Styracaceae | |||||
| Benzoin Siam resinoid | Styrax tonkinensis |
Benzoic acid Benzoates |
Laos | 99.7 ± 0.4 | 17 |
| Benzoin Sumatra resinoid | Styrax benzoin |
Cinnamic acid Cinnamates |
Indonesia | 72.9 ± 2.5 | 9 |
| Zingiberaceae | |||||
| Turmeric oleoresin | Curcuma longa |
Curcuminoids β-Phellandrene ar-Turmerone |
India | 89.0 ± 0.7 | 64.3 ± 1.6 |
| Zygophyllaceae | |||||
| Guaiacwood EO | Bulnesia sarmientoi |
(+)-Bulnesol ( −)-Guaiol |
Paraguay | 72.0 ± 5.1 | 15 |
aInhibitory activity of each F&F material at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. Numbers represent the mean value from two experiments (inhibition < 50%) or five experiments (inhibition > 50%).