. 2022 Aug 20;4(4):fcac196. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac196

Table 2.

CSF cytokine profile of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis

Immune cell	Cytokine	Sample, n	Findings	References
B-cell	CXCL-13	271	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^{24,25,27–29}
			Elevated in CSF during relapses	^24,27
			Correlated with CSF titres of NMDAR antibodies	²⁴
			Correlated with CSF pleocytosis	²⁵
			Correlated with clinical severity	²⁷
			Correlated with outcomes	^24,27
	BAFF and APRIL	40	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	³⁵
	BAFF and APRIL	40	Associated with outcomes	³⁵
Th1	IFN-γ	46	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^25,29
	IFN-γ	46	Persistently increased over months	²⁵
	TNF-α	125	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^{25,27,29,36–38}
			Persistently increased over months	²⁵
			Only increased in CSF of paraneoplastic cases	³⁹
	CXCL-10	30	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^25,27,29
			Persistently increased over months	²⁵
			Elevated in CSF during relapses	²⁷
			Correlated with CSF pleocytosis	²⁵
			Correlated with clinical severity	^27,29
			Correlated with outcomes	²⁷
	IL-2	24	Elevated in serum, which inversely correlated with CSF IL-6 and IL-17A	²⁶
	IL-2	24	Decreased significantly after treatment	²⁹
Th2	CCL22	70	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^28,29
Th2	CCL22	70	Correlated with clinical severity	^28,29
Th17	IL-1β	109	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^28,40,41
	IL-1β	109	Correlated NLRP3 levels	⁴⁰
	IL-6	223	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^{26–28,37,38,40,42,43}
			Correlated with clinical severity	^28,29,40,44
			Correlated with and NLRP3 levels and HMGB1	^40,43
	IL-7	52	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^25,29
	IL-7	52	Persistently increased over months	²⁵
	IL-17A	189	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^{25,26,28,40–43}
			Persistently increased over months	²⁵
			Correlated with NLRP3 and HMGB1 levels	^40,43
			Correlated with clinical severity	^40,42
			Correlated with outcomes	²⁸
			Elevated in CSF during relapses	²⁸
Treg	IL-10	80	Elevated in CSF during the acute phase	^27,29,37,38
			Only elevated in CSF of paraneoplastic cases	³⁹
			Correlated with clinical severity	⁴⁵

APRIL, proliferation-inducing ligand; BAFF, B cell-activating factor; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; Th, T-helper cells; Treg, regulatory T cells.