Table 3.
Factors with significance, effect size and type of analysis in the studies included in the systematic review that used WHOQoL-BREF or QLESQ−SF to assess QoL
| Author (year). Measurement | Type of analysis/effect size | Factors with significance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall QoL | General health | Physical health | Psychological | Social relationship | Environment | ||
|
Angermeyer et al. (2006) WHOQoL-BREF |
Multivariate small to large | n.s | n.s | Age of spouse (d = 1.22, p = .01), Depression symptoms (d = .97, p = .01) | Depression symptoms (d = .92, p = .05), Living situation (d = .75, p = .042), Sense of coherence (d = .76, p = .036) | Patient’s functioning (d = .87, p = .05) | Patient’s diagnosis of schizophrenia (d = .44, p = .01) |
|
Chou et al. (2009) WHOQoL-BREF |
Multivariate small to large | Family support (β = .21, d = .47, p < .05), Stigma (β = − .23, d = .54, p < .05), Physical health (β = − .39, d = .93, p < .05) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
|
Gómez-de-Regil et al. (2014) WHOQoL-BREF |
Bivariate small to large | GAF (r = .30, p < .01), GHQ-28 (r = .74, p < 0.01), Somatic symptoms (r = .64, p < .01), Anxiety-insomnia (r = .54, p < .01), Social dysfunction (r = .58, p < .01), Depression (r = .52, p < .01), Consequences-relative (r = .35, p < .01), Control-cure of illness (r = .28, p < .05) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| Multivariate small to large | GAF (β = − .08, p = .015), GHQ-28 (β = − .44, p < .001); Illness perception (β = − .13, p = .003), Consequences-patient (β = − .0.19, p = .041), Consequences-relative (β = − .26, p = .011), Control-cure of illness (β = − .25, p = .005), Control-cure by relative (β = − .16, p = .055) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | |
|
Kate et al. (2013) WHOQoL-BREF |
Bivariate small to medium | n.s | Tension (r = − .25 p = .012) | Tension (r = − .22, p = .027), Worrying-urging (r = .23, p = .019), Supervision (r = − .23, p = .021), Involvement Evaluation (r = .33, p = .001) | Tension (r = − .29, p = .002) | Tension (r = − .28, p = .004) | Tension (r = − .29, p = .003) |
|
Li et al. (2007) WHOQoL-BREF |
Bivariate small to large | Household income (r = .28, p < .01), Physical health (r = .34, p < .01), Caregiver burden (r = .25, p < .05), Demand burden (r = .29, p < .01), Stress burden (r = .37, p < .01) | Physical health (r = .41, p < .01) | Education level (r = .23, p < .05), Household income (r = .28, p < .01), Physical health (r = .51, p < .01), Caregiver burden (r = .21, p < .05), Demand burden (r = .21, p < .05), Stress burden (r = .35, p < .01) | Education level (r = .21, p < .05), Physical health (r = .38, p < .01), Caregiver burden (r = .38, p < .01), Demand burden (r = .35, p < .01), Stress burden (r = .50, p < .01) | Physical health (r = .24, p < .01), Caregiver burden (r = .21, p < .05), Demand burden (r = .21, p < .05), Stress burden (r = .35, p < .01) | Household income (r = .36, p < .01), Physical health (r = .31, p < .01), Caregiver burden (r = .30, p < .01), Demand burden (r = .36, p < .05), Stress burden (r = .39, p < .01) |
| Multivariate small to large | Physical health (β = .385, p = .000), Household income (β = .24, p = .012) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | |
|
Margetic et al. (2013) QLESQ − SF |
Bivariate small to medium | Age (r = − .46, p = .0001), Marital status (d = .27, p = .003), Education level (d = .24, p = .011), Relationship to the patient (d = .56, p = .0001) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
|
Mizuno et al. (2012) WHOQoL-BREF Medium to large |
Bivariate medium to large | Age (d = .84, p = .08), Sense of coherence (d = 1.10, p = .011) | n.s | no significant factors | no significant factors | Sense of coherence (d = 1.05, p = .003) | Age (d = .72, p = .032), Sense of coherence (d = .92, p = .02) |
| Multivariate medium to large | n.s | n.s | no significant factors | Age (β = .42, p = .013, Living situation (β = − .34, p = .042) | no significant factors | Age (β = .35, p = .032) | |
|
ZamZam et al. (2011) WHOQoL-BREF |
Bivariate small to large | n.s | n.s | Gender (d = .38, p = .039), Educational level (d = .76, p = .001), Employment status (d = .56, p = .003), Medical problems (d = .89, p = .000), Relationship to the patient (d = .51, p = .006), Duration of illness (d = .45, p = .016), Onset of illness (d = .66, p = .025), Attending day care (d = .65, p = .024), BPRS (r = .30, p = .013) | Patient’s employment (d = .62, p = .012), Patient’s educational level (d = .52, p = .008), Caregiver’s educational level (d = .57, p = .004), Caregiver’s employment (d = .38, p = .041), Medical problems (d = .69, p = .001), SRRS (r = − .21, p = .027), Duration of illness (d = .42, p = .024), Attending day care (d = .63, p = .028) | Caregiver’s educational level (d = .59, p = .006), Patient’s number of hospitalisations (d = .73, p = .017), Duration of illness (d = .68, p = .000), Onset of illness (d = .66, p = .027), Attending day care (d = .64, p = .025) | Caregiver’s educational level (d = .76, p = .001), Medical problems (d = .47, p = .023), SRRS (r = − .23, p = .012), Patient’s number of hospitalisations (d = .74, p = .037), Duration of illness (d = .43, p = .022), Attending day care (d = .92, p = .003), BPRS (r = − .20, p = .031) |
| Multivariate small to large | n.s | n.s | Caregivers having medical problems (β = -.286, p = .001), BPRS (β = − .204, p = .017) | Caregivers having medical problems (β = -.197, p = .031), Patient’s educational level (β = .204, p = .026) | Duration of illness (β = − .207, p = .029), Carer’s educational level (β = .203, p = .028), Onset of illness (β = .195, p = .040), Patient’s educational level (β = .182, p = .046) | Attending day care (β = .228, p = .009), Carer’s educational level (β = .269, p = .003), SRRS (β = − .182, p = .037) | |
n.s. not specified, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning, GHQ-28 general health questionnaire, BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, SRRS Social Readjustment Rating Scale