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. 2022 Aug 20;13:4907. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32604-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Across six STEM fields, observed average (a) productivity and (d) prominence, showing substantial and stable gaps, among 198,202 mid-career researchers, by gender from 1989 to 2017, along with corresponding estimated individual latent (b) productivity λ and (e) prominence θ for the same researchers, showing negligible gendered differences. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. Then, (c) productivity and (f) prominence for pairs of men and women researchers matched on institutional prestige, year of first publication, and either (i) field alone or (ii) field and the number of coauthors, showing that gendered collaboration rates can explain the observed gendered differences in scholarly metrics. Two-sided t-test for comparisons.