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. 2022 Aug 20;12:14244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18671-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Vesicle size and PDI of optimized IMQ-nTES. (b) TEM micrograph of optimized IMQ-nTES. (c) FTIR of IMQ-nTES and its component. (d) In vitro IMQ release pattern at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4. (e) Ex vivo skin permeation of IMQ. (f) Cumulative amount of IMQ deposition in rat skin. (g) IMQ amount recovered from stripped skin of disected BALB/c mice from IMQ-nTES gel and ALDARA group. Data is presented as mean ± S.D, n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ^nsp > 0.05. SC stratum corneum, ED epidermis, D dermis.