Figure 1.

Trends in loneliness, high self-derogation, low self-esteem, depressive affect, and self-reported frequency of attaining ≥7 hours of sleep nearly every day or every among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in the Monitoring the Future Study (1991–2019). Trends in internalizing symptoms represent the prevalence of students who mostly agreed or agreed with measures composing each scale, respectively. Trends in sleeping ≥7 hours nearly every day or every day are based on responses for the entire sample of students who answered the question (for loneliness, n = 231,867; for high self-derogation, n = 391,655; for low self-esteem, n = 393,301; for depressive affect, n = 374,249; for sleep, n = 385,557). Weighted responses were used for all trends.