Table 3.

Immunity and inflammation changes with gut microbiota by regulating signaling factors.

Model	Changes in gut microbiota	Changes in immunity and inflammation	Changes in signaling pathways and its factors	References
Mice with dexamethasone-induced immunosuppressed	The relative abundance of Lactobaccilus ↓; The relative abundance of Enterococcus↑ Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_DW17, Dorea_sp_5–2, rumen_bacterium_NK4A214 and Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_DW52 ↓	Colonic crypt architecture was markedly destroyed with more histological inflammation; Weight, spleen index, IL-17, TNF-α↑; Lipopolysaccharide↑	Occludin↑	(Li et al., 2021)
Mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis	The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes↓; The relative abundance of Firmicutes ↑; The relative abundance of Muribaculaceae-unclassified↓; The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136-group↑	Crypts were damage, goblet cells were severely lost and colon bowel integrity decreased; T-SOD, IL-4 and IL-10↓; MPO, GSH, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ↑	The gene expression of ZO-1, claudin-1↓	(Liu et al., 2021)
Mice with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia	The relative abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Blautia ↓; The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes↑	The level of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px↓; The level of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6↑	The gene expression of CPT1A and PPARα↓; The gene expression of SREBP-1c, ACC, HMGCR, LXR, SREBP-2↑	(Yan et al., 2022, Yan et al., 2019)
Mice with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia	The relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Faecalibaculum, and Allobaculum↓; The relative abundance of Romboutsia↑	–	The gene expression of FXR and SREBP1↑; The gene expression of PPARα↓	(Ren et al., 2021)
Normal mice	The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio↓; Verrucomicrobia↑; the relative abundance of Blautia, Ruminiclostridium_9↓; the relative abundance of Lactobacillus↑	–	The gene expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-4, Ocdudin, E-cadherin and Muc-2↑	(Wu et al., 2021)
Mice with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia	The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio↑; Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia↓	The level of sIgA↑; TGF-β↓	The gene expression of CCL28 and CCR10↓	(Cheng et al., 2020)
Cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced mice	Diversity and richness of gut microbiota↓; the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes↓; the relative richness of Firmicutes↑; the relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridum ↑	The level of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, INF-γ, Ig-A, Ig-G↓	The gene expression of TLR4, MyD88, p65and NF-κB↓	(Liu et al., 2021b, Liu et al., 2021a)
Mice with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia	Akkermansia and Lachnospiraceae was specific bacteria	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β in small intestine and brain↑	The protein expression of IL-1β, TNF-α in small intestine and brain↑	(Li et al., 2021c, Li et al., 2021a, Li et al., 2021b)
Mice with D-galactose–induced aging	The proportion of Bacteroidetesand↓; the proportions of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia↑	The level of SOD, CAT in serum and liver↓; The level of MDA in serum and liver↑; IL-1β↑	The protein expression of Bax, NF-KB and caspase-3↑; The protein expression of IKB-α and Bcl-2↓	(Chen et al.,2022)
Mice with LPS-induced inflammation	The abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria↓; The abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes↑; The abundance of Lactobacillius, Alistipes, Odoribacter and Ruminoccaceae↓; The abundance of Bacteroides and Staphylococcus↑	The level of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10↑; The level of SOD and T-AOC↓; The level of MDA↑	–	(Zhang et al., 2020)