Table 2.
The characteristic of studies included in the umbrella review and meta-analysis.
| References | Location | Sample size | Prevalence of overall WPV | Number of studies | Heterogeneity (I2) | Publication bias | Group studied |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azami et al. (19) | Iran | 10,858 | Verbal: 80.8% (95% CI:74.2–86.0) Physical: 24.8% (95% CI: 17.4–34) |
26 | Physical (I2 = 97%) Verbal (I2 =97.76%) | Begg and Egger's tests (no publication bias) | Nurses |
| Sahebi et al. (20) | Iran | 1,257 | Physical: 36.39% (95%CI: 27.29–45.50) Verbal: 73.13% (95% CI: 68.64–77.62) |
9 | Physical (I2 = 90.8%) Verbal (I2 = 62.7%) Cultural (I2 = 94.7%) | Begg's (p = 0.361) | Emergency Medical Personnel |
| Li et al. (21) | China | 61,800 | Physical: 19.33% (95% CI: 16.49–22.53%) |
65 | I2 = 98.8% | Begg's (P = 0.1012) | HCWs |
| Varghese et al. (22) | India | 42,222 | WPV: 58% (95% CI: 51–64) Verbal: 64% (95%CI: 59–70) Physical: 23% (CI: 14–34) Sexual harassment: 12% (95%CI: 7–17) |
38 | WPV (I2 = 99.26%) Verbal (I2 = 98.78%) Physical (I2 = 99.68%) | Egger's WPV (P = 0.18) Verbal (p = 0.81) Physical (p = 0.561) |
Nurses |
| Nowrouzi-Kia et al. (23) | Canada | 10,786 | WPV: 69% (95% CI: 58–78) |
6 | I2 = 0.974 | - | Physicians |
| Hossain et al. (24) | India | 2,849 | Verbal: 52% (95% CI: 45–60) Physical: 8% (95% CI: 5–11) WPV: 63% (95% CI: 54–72) |
15 | WPV (I2 =96.15%) Verbal (I2 = 93.90%) Physical (I2 = 93.70%) | - | HCWs |
| Dalvand et al. (25) | Iran | 5,639 | Verbal: 74% (95% CI: 66–83) Physical: 28% (95% CI: 21–35) |
22 | - | Egger's (P = 0.03) | Nurses |
| Liu et al. (26) | China | 331,544 | Physical: 24.4% (95% CI 22.4–26.4) Verbal: 57.6% (95% CI 51.8–63.4) Sexual harassment: 12.4% (95% CI: 10.6–14.2) WPV: 61.9% (95% CI 56.1–67.6) |
158 | - | - | HCWs |
| Liu et al. (27) | China | 22,968 | WPV: 71% (95% CI: 67–75) Verbal: 63% (95% CI: 58–67). Physical: 14% (95% CI: 11–18) Sexual harassment was 6% (95%CI: 4–9) |
38 | WPV (I2 = 98%) Physical (I2 = 98%) Verbal (I2 = 98%) |
Egger's (no publication bias) | Nurses |
| Lu et al. (28) | China | 78,026 | WPV: 62.4% (95% CI: 59.4–65.5) Physical: 13.7% (95% CI:12.2–15.1) Verbal: 61.2% (95% CI: 55.1–67.4) Sexual harassment: 6.3% (95% CI: 5.3–7.4) |
44 | Physical (I2 = 97.1) Verbal (I2 = 99%) Sexual harassment (I2 = 96.5%) |
WPV: Begg's (p = 0.229) |
HCWs |
| Shabanikiya et al. (29) | Iran | 8,694 | WPV: 66 % (95% CI: 20–111) Physical: 25% (95%CI: 16–34), Verbal: 58% (95%CI: 29–86) Sexual harassment: 16% (95%CI: 9–22) |
11 | WPV (I2 = 99.94%) Physical (I2 = 99.31%) | Egger's (P = 0.094) | Emergency Medical Personnel |
| Zeng et al. (30) | China | 39,486 | sexual harassment: 7.5% (95% CI: 5.5–10.1) |
37 | I2 = 97.79% | Egger's (P = 0.57) | Nurses |
| Lu et al. (31) | China | 52,345 | Sexual harassment in last 12 month: 13% (11–14) Sexual harassment in nursing career: 53.4% (95% CI: 23.1–83.7) |
34 | Sexual harassment in last 12 month (I2 = 98.6%) Sexual harassment in Nursing career (I2 = 99.7%) |
- | Nurses |
| Aljohani et al. (32) | USA | 5,792 | Verbal: 77 % (95% CI: 72–82) WPV: 24 % (95% CI: 18–31) |
22 | Verbal (I2 = 97%) WPV (I2 = 93%) |
- | HCWs |
HCWs, Healthcare Workers.