Table 1.
Baseline (t0) sample's clinical characteristics
| Characteristics | All sample (N = 71) |
|---|---|
| Smoking, n (%) | 4 (5.8) |
| Chronic cerebrovascular condition, n (%) | 24 (33.3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 66 (94.1) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 11 (15.6) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 30 (43.1) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 12 (17.6) |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 21 (29,4) |
| Thyroid failure, n (%) | 9 (13.7) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 7 (9.8) |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 20 (29.4) |
| Kidney failure, n (%) | 11 (15.6) |
| Frailty index (FI), mean±SD | 0.24±0.10 |
| Frailty status, n (%) | |
| Frail (FI ≥0.25) | 33 (46.9) |
| Pre-frail (FI 0.08–0.24) | 38 (53.1) |
| Nonfrail (FI <0.08) | 0 (0) |
| Handgrip strength, kg | |
| Male | 23.56±7.08 |
| Female | 15.5±5.49 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 0.66±0.17 |
Gait speed was measured over a 4-m pathway, asking the participant to walk at a usual pace starting from a standing position. Handgrip strength was measured through a hand-held Jamar dynamometer, and it was expressed as the maximum performance based on three measurements of both hands. SD, standard deviation.