Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of critically ill patients with COVID-19 stratified by AKI and its stages of severity
| Total (n = 459) | No AKI 88 (19.2%) | Stage-1 AKI 103 (22.4%) | Stage-2 AKI 94 (20.5%) | Stage-3 AKI 174 (37.9%) | Trend p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 66.8 (14.6) | 64.6 (14.8) | 68.4 (15.1) | 67.0 (17.0) | 67.0 (12.6) | 0.6673 |
| Male gender | 293 (63.8) | 43 (48.9) | 64 (62.1) | 59 (62.8) | 127 (73.0) | 0.0002 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 235 (52.1) | 59 (67.1) | 56 (54.9) | 47 (51.1) | 73 (43.2) | |
| Black/AA | 115 (25.5) | 9 (10.2) | 31 (30.4) | 21 (22.8) | 54 (32.0) | 0.0007 |
| Hispanic | 64 (14.2) | 16 (18.2) | 9 (8.8) | 16 (17.4) | 23 (13.6) | |
| Asian/Native American | 37 (8.2) | 4 (4.6) | 6 (5.9) | 8 (8.7) | 19 (11.2) | |
| Continuous BMI, kg/m2 | 30.3 (7.5) | 30.1 (7.1) | 29.2 (7.7) | 30.3 (7.4) | 31.0 (7.5) | 0.0871 |
| Categorical BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| <25 | 115 (25.1) | 27 (30.7) | 34 (33.0) | 20 (21.5) | 34 (19.5) | |
| 25 to <30 | 132 (28.8) | 23 (26.1) | 24 (23.3) | 30 (32.3) | 55 (31.6) | 0.0443 |
| 30 to <35 | 110 (24.0) | 21 (23.9) | 27 (26.2) | 21 (22.6) | 41 (23.6) | |
| ≥35 | 101 (22.1) | 17 (19.3) | 18 (17.5) | 22 (23.7) | 44 (25.3) | |
| APACHE IV score | 74.3 (28.0) | 60.4 (23.6) | 69.2 (25.7) | 73.7 (28.9) | 84.6 (27.1) | <0.0001 |
| Coexisting conditions | ||||||
| Hypertension | 296 (64.5) | 53 (60.2) | 68 (66.0) | 55 (58.5) | 120 (69.0) | 0.244 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 193 (42.1) | 40 (45.5) | 47 (45.6) | 41 (43.6) | 65 (37.4) | 0.1415 |
| Coronary artery disease | 56 (12.2) | 13 (14.8) | 14 (13.6) | 7 (7.5) | 22 (12.6) | 0.5192 |
| Heart failure | 61 (13.3) | 14 (15.9) | 11 (10.7) | 12 (12.8) | 24 (13.8) | 0.9003 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 58 (12.6) | 10 (11.4) | 15 (14.6) | 12 (12.8) | 21 (12.1) | 0.9286 |
| Type-2 diabetes mellitus | 181 (39.4) | 36 (40.9) | 39 (37.9) | 34 (36.2) | 72 (41.4) | 0.8414 |
| COPD | 56 (12.2) | 15 (17.1) | 18 (17.5) | 9 (9.6) | 14 (8.1) | 0.0085 |
| Asthma | 51 (11.1) | 17 (19.3) | 8 (7.8) | 8 (8.5) | 18 (10.3) | 0.1106 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 26 (5.7) | 8 (9.1) | 6 (5.8) | 1 (1.1) | 11 (6.3) | 0.3742 |
| Stroke | 48 (10.5) | 5 (5.7) | 14 (13.6) | 8 (8.5) | 21 (12.1) | 0.289 |
| DVT/PE | 32 (7.0) | 8 (9.1) | 6 (5.8) | 7 (7.5) | 11 (6.3) | 0.5569 |
| Dementia | 63 (13.7) | 12 (13.6) | 12 (11.7) | 16 (17.0) | 23 (13.2) | 0.8675 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 120 (26.6) | 14 (15.9) | 27 (26.5) | 19 (20.7) | 60 (35.5) | 0.002 |
| Kidney related variables | ||||||
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.02 (0.71) | 0.86 (0.41) | 0.94 (0.35) | 0.81 (0.31) | 1.27 (1.01) | <0.0001 |
| Peak serum creatinine, mg/dL | 2.93 (2.41) | 0.98 (0.42) | 1.50 (0.54) | 1.95 (0.80) | 5.30 (2.33) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 81.4 (29.9) | 87.0 (26.2) | 82.5 (28.1) | 90.1 (28.8) | 73.2 (31.4) | 0.0004 |
| Urine dipstick blood | ||||||
| Negative | 152 (40.1) | 34 (55.7) | 38 (45.8) | 36 (43.9) | 44 (28.8) | |
| 1 + | 85 (22.4) | 15 (24.6) | 16 (19.3) | 17 (20.7) | 37 (24.2) | 0.0005 |
| 2 + | 90 (23.8) | 10 (16.4) | 17 (20.5) | 17 (20.7) | 46 (30.1) | |
| 3 + | 52 (13.7) | 2 (3.3) | 12 (14.5) | 12 (14.6) | 26 (17.0) | |
| Urine dipstick protein | ||||||
| Negative | 98 (25.7) | 24 (39.3) | 25 (30.5) | 30 (36.6) | 19 (12.2) | |
| Trace | 10 (2.6) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (4.9) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (1.3) | |
| 1 + | 113 (29.7) | 20 (32.8) | 17 (20.7) | 24 (29.3) | 52 (33.3) | <0.0001 |
| 2 + | 147 (38.6) | 14 (23.0) | 34 (41.5) | 26 (31.7) | 73 (46.8) | |
| 3 + | 13 (3.4) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (6.4) | |
| Selected laboratory variables | ||||||
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.28 (0.12, 0.67) | 0.19 (0.10, 0.37) | 0.21 (0.11, 0.47) | 0.31 (0.13, 0.68) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.98) | <0.0001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 13.9 (7.4, 22.9) | 11.6 (6.2, 20.7) | 10.7 (6.9, 20.0) | 12.4 (7.4, 21.5) | 17.2 (8.3, 24.8) | 0.0063 |
| LDH, U/L | 430 (307, 598) | 375 (295, 477) | 420 (274, 563) | 395 (2,840, 576) | 506 (355, 651) | <0.0001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 764 (338, 1,431) | 558 (185, 1,237) | 660 (313, 1,306) | 701 (281, 1,772) | 935 (488, 1,480) | 0.0039 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1.9 (1.0, 3.6) | 1.5 (0.8, 3.5) | 2.0 (1.0, 5.6) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.2) | 2.2 (1.1, 4.0) | 0.1054 |
| PT, sec | 15.4 (4.9) | 14.7 (3.4) | 15.1 (3.0) | 15.9 (5.6) | 15.7 (5.8) | 0.1703 |
| INR | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.3991 |
| aPTT, sec | 36.0 (31.1, 42.2) | 33.9 (29.7, 39.2) | 35.6 (30.4, 42.2) | 35.8 (31.5, 43.5) | 37.6 (32.1, 43.3) | 0.0109 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 681.9 (222.3) | 621.0 (197.2) | 657.9 (202.0) | 648.3 (236.9) | 736.7 (224.0) | <0.0001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.0488 |
| AST, IU/L | 45 (30, 74) | 34 (24, 56) | 39 (30, 67) | 43 (29, 81) | 56 (37, 84) | <0.0001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 29 (17, 54) | 26 (16, 48) | 25 (15, 54) | 26 (15, 56) | 33 (20, 53) | 0.0095 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | 77 (60, 103) | 81 (64, 108) | 80 (61, 98) | 70 (59, 93) | 77 (58, 105) | 0.5289 |
Data summarized as mean (SD) or median (25th, 75th percentiles) for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVT/PE, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, and alanine transaminase.