Table 3.
Univariable analysis and adjusted multivariable analysis for the prediction of a coronary diagnosis
| Covariate | Univariable analysis OR (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable analysis OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 0.58 (0.39–0.85) | 0.005 | − | − |
| Age (per 1-year increase) | 1.007 (0.99–1.02) | 0.32 | − | − |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Smoking | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) | 0.80 | − | − |
| Hypertension | 1.54 (1.06–2.24) | 0.023 | − | |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.32 (0.98–1.76) | 0.067 | − | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.31 (0.91–1.89) | 0.14 | − | |
| Family history for CAD | 1.42 (0.98–2.05) | 0.064 | − | |
| PAD | 0.68 (0.35–1.33) | 0.26 | − | |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 0.78 (0.47–1.32) | 0.36 | − | |
| Prior history of CAD | 3.1 (2.16–4.54) | <0.0001 | 2.64 (1.75–3.98) | <0.0001 |
| Medication | ||||
| Aspirin | 2.02 (1.43–2.85) | <0.0001 | − | − |
| Oral anticoagulation | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 0.45 | − | − |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | 0.45 | − | − |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 1.47 (0.99–2.18) | 0.06 | − | − |
| Statin | 1.61 (1.11–2.31) | 0.011 | − | − |
| Beta blocker | 1.21 (0.86–1.72) | 0.28 | − | − |
| Diuretics | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) | 0.11 | − | − |
| CCB | 1.74 (1.19–2.54) | 0.004 | − | − |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Chest pain* | ||||
| Non-anginal | 1 (reference) | − | − | − |
| Atypical angina | 3.06 (1.91–4.91) | <0.0001 | 3.06 (1.84–5.09) | <0.0001 |
| Typical angina | 9.85 (5.75–16.85) | <0.0001 | 8.55 (4.77–15.33) | <0.0001 |
| Chest pain occurring during inspiration 0.130 (0.03–0.54) | 0.005 | 0.18 (0.042–0.80) | 0.02 | |
| ECG | ||||
| AF | 1.49 (0.91–2.45) | 0.11 | − | − |
| Heart rate (per min) | 0.99 (0.98–0.999) | 0.03 | − | − |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 0.49 (0.19–1.27) | 0.14 | − | − |
| ST-segment deviation# | 2.81 (1.76–4.49) | <0.0001 | 3.00 (1.75–5.14) | <0.0001 |
| T Wave inversion | 1.19 (0.81–1.75) | 0.39 | − | − |
| Pathological Q waves | 1.80 (1.08–2.98) | 0.023 | − | − |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| eGFR <60 | 0.71 (0.49–1.03) | 0.07 | 0.56 (0.37–0.86) | 0.008 |
Patients with ECGs suggestive of an ST-elevation myocardial infarction were excluded from this analysis. ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; OR, odds ratio; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; TIA, transient ischemic stroke; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.
Categorized according to the Diamond and Forrester classification [10].
ST-segment deviation was defined as ≥1 mm ST-segment deviation in one or more leads [11].