Table 1.
Table showing the list of included studies with demographic details of included patients.
| Authors | Year | Type | Country | Included patients | Total number of patients | Total number of patients with GI symptoms | Individual GI symptoms | Age and sex | Follow-up time | Mode of follow-up | Term used | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diarrhea | Pain | Nausea/vomiting | Constipation | IBS | LOA | LOT | Cholangiopathy | Gastroparesis | Dyspepsia | |||||||||||
| Adame et al. 13 | 2021 | Abstract | USA | All | Total: 101/long COVID 25 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –/F 20 | 60 days | In person | Long hauler |
| Akinci Ozyurek et al. 14 | 2021 | Retrospective | Turkey | All | Total 315/long COVID 229 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –/F158 | 4 weeks | In person | Long COVID |
| Anaya et al. 15 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Colombia | All | Total 100/long COVID 65 | – | 46 | 24 | – | – | – | 23 | – | – | – | – | Median 49 years/F 53 | Median 219 days | Survey | Post-COVID manifestation |
| Areekal et al. 16 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | India | Hospitalized | Total 335/long COVID 221 | – | 6 | – | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | –/F 161 | 4 weeks | Telephone | Post-COVID syndrome |
| Augustin et al. 17 | 2021 | Prospective | Germany | Non-hospitalized | Total 353/long COVID 123 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –/– | 7 months | In person | -COVID syndrome |
| Blackett et al. 18 | 2021 | Retrospective | USA | Hospitalized | Total 147/long – | – | 6 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 44 | – | – | – | – | – | –/72 | Median 106 days | Web based | Persistent syndrome |
| Blair et al. 19 | 2021 | Retrospective | USA | All | Total 166/long COVID 118 | – | 4 | 2 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –/– | 4 weeks | Telephone | Chronic COVID 19 syndrome |
| Buttery et al. 20 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | UK | All | Total 1865/long COVID – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 430 | – | – | – | – | –/1440 | 12 weeks | Web based | Long COVID |
| Calogero et al. 21 | 2021 | Abstract | USA | All | Total 12,224/long COVID – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | – | –/– | 161 days | Chart review | Symptoms after COVID-19 |
| Carrillo-Garcia et al. 22 | 2021 | Retrospective | Spain | Hospitalized | Total 165/long COVID 109 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 55 | – | – | – | – | –/– | 3 months | Telephone | Sequelae of COVID |
| Chevinsky et al. 23 | 2021 | Retrospective | USA | Non-hospitalized | Total 74,446/long COVID 44,489 | – | – | 667 | 401 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 31–120 days | Review | Post-COVID syndrome |
| Chopra et al. 24 | 2021 | Retrospective | India | Non-hospitalized | Total 57/long COVID 25 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mean 34.9 years/– | 30 days | Telephone | Long COVID |
| Dennis et al. 25 | 2021 | Prospective | UK | All | Total 201/long COVID – | – | 118 | – | – | 108 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mean 44/142 | 4 weeks | In person | Post-COVID syndrome |
| Faruqui et al. 26 | 2021 | Retrospective | USA | Hospitalized | Total 2047/long COVID – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | – | – | Mean 58 years/– | 118 days | Chart review | Late complication |
| Faycal et al. 27 | 2021 | Prospective | France | Non hospitalized | Total 429/long COVID 175 | 12/175 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Median 41.6 years/F 311 | 30 days | Telephone | Persistent symptoms |
| Fernández-de-Las-Peñas et al. 28 | 2021 | Prospective | Spain | Hospitalized | Total 1969/long COVID 1232 | 133 | 49 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mean 61 years/F 915 | 8.4 months | Telephone | Post-COVID syndrome |
| Galal et al. 29 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | Hospitalized | Total 430/long COVID 370 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 157 | – | – | – | 119 | Mean 37.4 years/F 274 | Mean 176 days | In person | Post-COVID symptoms |
| Galván-Tejada et al. 30 | 2020 | Retrospective | Mexico | All | Total 141/long COVID – | – | – | – | 22 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –/– | Mean 36 days | In person | Persistent symptoms |
| Ghoshal et al. 31 | 2021 | Prospective | Bangladesh and India | Hospitalized | Total 280/long COVID – | – | – | – | – | – | 15 | – | – | – | – | 16 | –/– | 1 month | In person/Telephone | Postinfectious symptoms |
| Gold et al. 32 | 2021 | Prospective | Greece | All | Total 185/Long 56 | – | – | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | –/– | 1 month | Survey | Long COVID |
| Hossain et al. 33 | 2021 | Prospective | Bangladesh | All | Total 2198/long COVID 356 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 | – | – | – | – | Mean 38.7 years/F 607 | 12 weeks | – | Long COVID |
| Islam et al. 34 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Bangladesh | All | Total 1002/long COVID 200 | – | 127 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mean 34.7 years/F 401 | 30 days | Survey | Long COVID |
| Nayagam et al. 35 | 2021 | Retrospective | UK | Hospitalized | Total 564/long COVID – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 24 | – | – | Median 67.7 years/F 258 | 60 days | In person | Persistent symptoms |
| Jones et al. 36 | 2021 | Retrospective | UK | All | Total3151/ long COVID 310 | – | 196 | 196 | – | – | – | 294 | – | – | – | – | Mean 52.1 year/F 224 | 4 weeks | Online survey | Long COVID |
| Karaarslan et al. 37 | 2021 | Prospective | Turkey | Hospitalized | Total 300/long COVID 216 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | 31 | 45 | – | – | – | Mean 53 year/F 121 | 1 month | Telephone | Persistent symptoms |
| Klein et al. 38 | 2021 | Prospective | Israel | Mild | Total 103/long COVID 47 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | Mean 35 years/F 39 | 6 months | Telephone | Long-lasting effect |
| Kozak et al. 39 | 2021 | Retrospective | Canada | All | Total 223/long COVID 62 | 19 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 10 | – | – | – | 49.1 years/F 38 | >90 days | In person | Long COVID |
| Leth et al. 40 | 2021 | Prospective | Denmark | Hospitalized | Total 49/long COVID 47 | 15 | 4 | 5 | 4 | – | – | 2 | 15 | – | – | – | Median 58 years/F 28 | Median 128 days | Telephone and in person | Persistent symptoms |
| Liang et al. 41 | 2020 | Prospective | China | Hospitalized | Total 76/long COVID – | – | 20 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 41.3 years/F 55 | 3 months | In person | Persistent symptoms |
| Lombardo et al. 42 | 2021 | Prospective | Italy | All | Total 303/long COVID 244 | 35 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Median 53 years/F 165 | Median 12.2 months | Phone | Long-term complication |
| Marasco et al. 43 | 2021 | Prospective | Multi-center | Hospitalized | Total 489/long COVID – | – | 37 | 47 | 41 | 67 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 50.6 years/F – | 30 days | Questionnaires | Persistent symptoms |
| Messin et al. 44 | 2021 | Retrospective | France | All | Total 74/long COVID 53 | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | 54.7 years/F30 | 6 months | Telephone | Persistent symptoms |
| Mohamed-Hussein et al. 45 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | All | Total 262/long COVID 157 | 123 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 weeks | Clinic or phone | Long COVID |
| Noviello et al. 46 | 2021 | Prospective | Italy | All | Total 164/long COVID – | – | 29 | – | – | – | 43 | – | – | – | – | – | Median 44.1 years/F 66 | Median 4.8 months | Web based | Persistent symptoms |
| Rank et al. 47 | 2021 | Prospective | Germany | Mild | Total 83/long COVID 51 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18 | – | – | – | – | –/– | Questionaries | Long-term symptoms |
| Rizvi et al. 48 | 2021 | Retrospective | USA | Hospitalized | Total 17,462/long COVID – | 404 | 214 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Median 66 years/F 336 | 6 months | In person | GI sequelae |
| Saigal et al. 49 | 2021 | Prospective | UK | Hospitalized | Total 643/long COVID – | 54 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 62.3 years/F 245 | Median 63 days | Virtual | Long COVID |
| Scherlinger et al. 50 | 2021 | Prospective | France | All | Total –/long COVID 30 | – | 9 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | Median 40 years/F 18 | Median 152 days | In person | Long COVID |
| Shang et al. 51 | 2021 | Prospective | China | Severe | Total 796/long COVID 441 | 87 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 months | Phone | Sequelae of COVID |
| Shoosanglertwijit et al. 52 | 2021 | Prospective | Thailand | Hospitalized | Total –/long COVID 87 | 11 | – | 2 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | –/– | 6 months | – | Postinfectious FGID |
| Salmon-Ceron et al. 53 | 2021 | Prospective | France | All | Total –/long COVID 70 | 17 | 12 | 3 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Median 45 years/F 55 | 2 months | In person | Prolonged COVID symptoms |
| Suárez-Robles et al. 54 | 2020 | Prospective | France | Hospitalized | Total –/long COVID 134 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 36 | 29 | – | – | – | 58.53 years/F72 | 3 months | Telephone | Residual symptoms |
| Taquet et al. 55 | 2021 | Retrospective | UK | All | Total 273,618/long COVID 155,962 | 42,630 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 46.3 years/F152157 | 6 months | – | Long COVID |
| Tiwari et al. 56 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Nepal | Non- critical | Total 132/long COVID 66 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 9 | 1 | – | – | – | 36 years/F 28 | 2 months | Telephone or in person | Persistent symptoms |
| Tosato et al. 57 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Italy | Hospitalized | Total 165/long COVID 137 | – | 32 | – | – | – | – | 63 | 53 | – | – | – | 73 years/F 53 | 25–109 days | – | Persistent symptoms |
| Vayner et al. 58 | 2021 | Abstract | USA | All | Total 90/ long COVID - | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 10 | – | – | – | 49.5 years/– | 1 months | Telephone | Residual symptoms |
| Vélez et al. 59 | 2021 | Retrospective | USA | All | Total 200/long COVID – | 79 | – | – | – | – | 21 | – | – | – | – | 77 | 46 years/F 60 | 6 months | Telephone | Post-COVID syndrome |
| Weng et al. 60 | 2021 | Prospective | China | Hospitalized | Total 117/long COVID - | 52 | 17 | 8 | 21 | – | – | 28 | – | – | – | – | –/– | 90 days | Telephone | Long-term sequelae |
| Zhang et al. 61 | 2021 | Retrospective | China | All | Total 2433/long COVID 1095 | – | 18 | – | 5 | – | – | 20 | 35 | – | – | – | Median 60 years/ F 1228 | 1 year | Telephone | Postinfectious symptoms |
| Zhou et al. 62 | 2021 | Prospective | China | HCW | Total 15/long COVID 12 | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | Median 29 years/F 12 | 3 months | In person | Persistent symptoms |
F, females; GI, gastrointestinal; HCW, health-care workers; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; LOA, loss of appetite; LOT, loss of taste.