TABLE 1.
Observed demographic and clinical baseline characteristics (n = 82).
| High-intensity interval training (n = 43) |
Active video gaming (n = 39) |
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| Parameter | Median | Mean | (SD) | 95% CI | % | Median | Mean | (SD) | 95% CI | % |
| Age (years) | 31 | 36.6 | (14.3) | 32.2, 41.0 | 33 | 37.5 | (13.8) | 33.0, 42.0 | ||
| Gender (%men) | 61 | 62 | ||||||||
| WAIS-IV GAI† | 87.0 | 85.8 | (14.2) | 81.5, 90.2 | 90.0 | 89.0 | (16.9) | 83.5, 94.5 | ||
| MCCB‡ | 33.5 | 32.8 | (8.4) | 30.2, 35.3 | 34.7 | 35.2 | (8.4) | 32.5, 38.0 | ||
| GAF§ function | 43.0 | 42.2 | (7.4) | 40.0, 44.5 | 45.5 | 45.7 | (7.9) | 43.1, 48.3 | ||
| GAF§ symptoms | 41.0 | 41.6 | (7.6) | 39.2, 43.9 | 42.5 | 44.5 | (8.2) | 41.8, 47.1 | ||
| Duration of illness | 13.0 | 12.9 | (10.3) | 9.5, 16.4 | 11.0 | 14.6 | (12.6) | 10.3, 18.9 | ||
| PANSS¶ total (0–180) | 38.0 | 38.5 | (16.9) | 33.2, 43.7 | 34.0 | 34.1 | (16.0) | 28.8, 39.3 | ||
| PANSS positive (0–24) | 6.0 | 6.0 | (3.9) | 4.7, 7.2 | 4.0 | 5.1 | (4.2) | 3.7, 6.5 | ||
| PANSS negative (0–36) | 10.0 | 10.1 | (7.2) | 7.8, 12.4 | 8.0 | 8.5 | (6.0) | 6.5, 10.4 | ||
| PANSS disorganized (0–18) | 5.0 | 5.0 | (2.7) | 4.1, 5.8 | 3.0 | 3.9 | (3.3) | 2.8, 5.0 | ||
| PANSS excited (0–24) | 1.0 | 1.8 | (1.9) | 1.2, 2.4 | 1.0 | 2.1 | (2.5) | 1.3, 2.9 | ||
| PANSS depressed (0–18) | 4.0 | 4.2 | (2.6) | 3.3, 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.7 | (3.0) | 2.7, 4.7 | ||
| CDSS†† | 2.0 | 3.5 | (3.5) | 2.4, 4.5 | 2.0 | 3.1 | (3.6) | 2.0, 4.3 | ||
| Antipsychotics DDD‡‡ | 1.5 | 1.9 | (1.2) | 1.5, 2.2 | 98 | 1.5 | 1.4 | (0.7) | 1.2, 1.6 | 95 |
| Antidepressants DDD | 0.0 | 0.3 | (0.7) | 0.1, 0.5 | 19 | 0.0 | 0.5 | (1.1) | 0.2, 0.9 | 28 |
| Mood stabilizers DDD | 0.0 | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.0, 0.2 | 14 | 0.0 | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.0–0.1 | 8 |
| VO2max §§ | 28.2 | 29.9 | (11.5) | 26.4, 33.5 | 29.8 | 29.5 | (10.8) | 26.0, 33.0 | ||
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence level; %, proportion.
†Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition, General Ability Index.
‡MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, neurocognitive composite score.
§Global Assessment of Functioning, symptoms, and function (missing AVG = 1). Duration of illness (years) (missing HIIT = 7/AVG = 4).
¶The Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale, NB! Ratio version (item scale shifted to 0–6). Total = Sum of all 30 items (0–180p) (missing HIIT = 1/AVG = 1). The five-factor model by Wallwork et al. Positive factor: P1 delusion, P3 hallucinations, P5 grandiosity, and G9 unusual thought content (0–24p) (missing HIIT = 3). Negative factor: N1 blunted affect, N2 emotional withdrawal, N3 poor report, N4 passive/apathetic social withdrawal, N6 lack of spontaneity, and G7 motor retardation (0–36p) (missing HIIT = 3). Disorganized factor: P2 conceptual disorganization, N5 Difficulty in abstraction and G11 poor attention (0–18p) (missing HIIT = 3/AVG = 1). Excited factor: P4 excitement, P7 hostility, G8 unusual thought content, and G14 poor impulse control (0–24p) (missing HIIT = 3). Depressed factor: G2 anxiety, G3 guilt feeling, and G6 depression (0–18p) (missing HIIT = 3).
††Calgary Depressive Scale for Schizophrenia.
‡‡Defined daily doses, calculated in accordance with guidelines from the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Methodology (http://www.whocc.no/atcdd).
§§Maximum oxygen uptake (missing HIIT = 1).