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. 2022 Aug 18;10(8):e004660. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004660

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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Hypoxia-induced purinergic signaling. (A) Tissue hypoxia increases the release of transcription factor SP-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which leads to an increase in the expression and enzymatic capacity of adenosine-producing ectonucleotidases and to an increased expression of adenosine A_2B receptors (A_2BR), resulting in reduced inflammation.2 (B) Effects of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP, danger-associated molecular pattern molecule) and adenosine via purinergic P2 and adenosine A_2A and A_2B receptors. ATP is dephosphorylated by a concerted action of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1, CD39) and ecto-5’-nucleotidase (CD73) to adenosine. SP-1, specific protein 1; CD, cluster of differentiation.