TABLE 2.
A summary of commercially available decellularized vascular products, their associated applications, and clinical performance.
| Vascular product | Product information | Approved indications | Clinical applications | Product advantages/Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artegraft®: bovine carotid artery(Harlander-Locke et al., 2014) | Decellularized steer’s carotid artery through physical and chemical treatments; ID: 4–8 mm; length:15–50 cm | Distal/segmental aorta replacement, arterial bypass/patch graft, arteriovenous shunt, and femoropopliteal bypass in lieu saphenous vein | Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula grafting, salvage and repair, and lower extremity arterial trauma bypass | Reduced thrombus and patency rates compared to ePTFE, good saturability, and collagen matrix retains native cross-weave pattern with natural biocompatibility products available in multiple sizes to match host vessels |
| Cryovein®: human femoral vein (Fercana et al., 2014; Devillard and Marquette, 2021) | Small diameter grafts such as cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts | Saphenous veins, femoral veins, and femoral arteries for salvaging a localized prosthetic graft infection | Hemodialysis applications and extended lengths used to treat acutely ischemic limbs | Promising short-term, but extended thrombosis, poor 1-year patency, and aneurysmal degeneration led to rupture, calcification, and limited use |
| Cytograft, LifelineTM (Carrabba and Madeddu, 2018) | Vascular graft is a living conduit with the properties of a native vessel | Self-assembled cell-sheet of human fibroblast in a shape of vascular conduit | Arteriovenous shunt for hemodialysis | ECs were seeded in graft after devitalization, and constructed using patient cells, void of synthetic or exogenous material, but requires 6–9-month production time |
| Humacyte® (Devillard and Marquette, 2021) | Polyglycolic acid biodegradable scaffold with SMCs from deceased organ and tissue donors | Resulting bioengineered vessel is then decellularized to create conduit | Conducted its phase II clinical trials in patients with end-stage renal disease | 63% permeability 6 months after implantation (in 60 patients), absence of immune response and lower infection rate than ePTFE grafts, yet permeability rate was 18% (< than ePTFE)12 months after implantation |
| MatrACELL®: decellularized ECM (Porzionato et al., 2018) | Decellularized human pulmonary artery patch | Anionic detergent, N-Lauroyl sarcosinate, and endonuclease | Pulmonary valve replacement | Retained biomechanical properties, biocompatible, and able to support cellular and vascular in-growth |
| ProCol®: bovine mesenteric vein (Schmidli et al., 2004) | Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine mesenteric vein; ID: 6 mm; length: 10–40 cm | A bridge graft for vascular access | Synthetic vascular grafts for patients who have at least one-time failed graft access | Improve pulsatile forward flow, durability, anastomotic compliance, minimal bleeding, and good degree of biocompatible |
| Solcograft®: bovine carotid artery (Lin et al., 2018) | Decellularized carotid artery cross-linked with adipyl dichloride | Vascular conduits for pediatric and adult use | Aortic, aortoiliac, carotid and vena cava replacement | Increased biochemical properties, no aneurysm, reduced infection and early thrombosis, and homogenous structure before and after implantation |
| SynerGraft®: cadaver saphenous/femoral veins (Pashneh-Tala et al., 2016) | Dimethyl sulfoxide-cryopreserved cadaver veins: Saphenous vein ID: 3–6 mm; length: 20–80 cm; Femoral vein ID: 6–15 mm; length: 10–30 cm | Saphenous vein bypass below knee in patients with infected fields that can’t generate fistulas | Arteriovenous access line, and bypass below knees for patients with infected fields and/or at risk of infection | Excellent durability and hemodynamics, and virtually eliminates presence of allogenic donor cells to maintain matrix structural integrity and need for anticoagulation |