TABLE 1.
Comparison of baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics in individuals with and those without renal function decline during the study period
| Individuals without renal function decline | Individuals with renal function decline | ||
| Variables | (N = 26 027) | (N = 1837) | P value |
| Male sex (%) | 44.2 | 47.1 | 0.018∗ |
| Age (years) | 45 (36–56) | 61 (52–68) | <0.001 |
| Height (m) | 1.62 (1.56–1.70) | 1.61 (1.55–1.68) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (19.9–24.3) | 22.9 (20.8–24.9) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116 (107–127) | 126 (113–138) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72 (65–80) | 78 (70–86) | <0.001 |
| CAVI | 7.5 (6.9–8.2) | 8.4 (7.7–9.1) | <0.001 |
| haPWV | 6.89 (6.36–7.61) | 7.84 (7.14–8.54) | <0.001 |
| CAVI0 | 10.7 (9.7–12.0) | 12.5 (11.0–14.2) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 85 (80–91) | 89 (84–97) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 121 (100–144) | 130 (109–150) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 67 (56–81) | 63 (53–77) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 78 (55–117) | 96 (69–139) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.68 (0.59–0.81) | 0.77 (0.69–0.92) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 82.5 (74.6–92.0) | 65.6 (62.6–69.6) | <0.001 |
| Proteinuria (%) | 5.0 | 7.4 | <0.001∗ |
| Current smoking (%) | 35.1 | 32.9 | 0.061∗ |
| Habitual alcohol drinking (%) | 34.2 | 33.1 | 0.331∗ |
| Receiving treatment for | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 5.4 | 22.8 | <0.001∗ |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 3.9 | 6.8 | <0.001∗ |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 6.0 | 15.1 | <0.001∗ |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Mann–Whitney U test and ∗Fisher's exact test were used to compare individuals who did and those who did not develop renal function decline defined as eGFR less than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 during the study period. CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; haPWV, heart–ankle pulse wave velocity; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.