Table 3.
Univariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Vaccine Hesitancy in General and COVID-19 Vaccination Refusal in the Province of Quebec, Canada, 2020
| Variable | Vaccine Hesitancy | Vaccine Refusal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low N (%) |
High N (%) |
P-valuea | Pro-Vaccine N (%) |
Anti-Vaccine N (%) |
P-valuea | |
| Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 639 (82.9) | 132 (17.1) | 661 (85.1) | 116 (14.9) | ||
| Female | 607 (74.2) | 211 (25.8) | 646 (78.6) | 175 (21.4) | ||
| Age | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||
| 18–39 | 363 (74.1) | 127 (25.9) | 387 (78.8) | 104 (21.2) | ||
| 40–59 | 414 (78.1) | 116 (21.9) | 423 (79.2) | 111 (20.8) | ||
| ≥60 | 470 (82.6) | 99 (17.4) | 498 (86.8) | 76 (13.2) | ||
| Marital status | <0.04 | 0.34 | ||||
| Single | 338 (73.8) | 120 (26.1) | 364 (79.1) | 96 (20.9) | ||
| Married | 755 (80.4) | 184 (19.6) | 784 (83.0) | 161 (17.0) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 116 (79.5) | 30 (20.9) | 121 (81.8) | 27 (18.2) | ||
| Windowed | 38 (82.6) | 8 (17.4) | 39 (84.8) | 7 (15.2) | ||
| Occupation | 0.21 | 0.54 | ||||
| Employed | 630 (77.2) | 186 (22.8) | 673 (82.4) | 144 (17.6) | ||
| Others (retired, at home, student, on leave, unemployed) | 617 (79.8) | 156 (20.2) | 635 (81.2) | 147 (18.8) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Secondary degree or less | 411 (72.5) | 156 (27.5) | 439 (77.3) | 129 (22.7) | ||
| College degree | 353 (77.4) | 103 (22.6) | 371 (80.5) | 90 (19.5) | ||
| University degree | 483 (85.3) | 83 (14.7) | 498 (87.4) | 72 (12.6) | ||
| Income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <$50,000 | 542 (73.3) | 197 (26.7) | 579 (77.7) | 166 (22.3) | ||
| $50,000–$89,999 | 312 (81.9) | 69 (18.1) | 313 (81.9) | 69 (18.1) | ||
| ≥$90,000 | 393 (83.8) | 76 (16.2) | 416 (88.1) | 56 (11.9) | ||
| Residence | 0.44 | 0.22 | ||||
| Rural | 374 (77.3) | 110 (22.7) | 388 (80.0) | 97 (20.0) | ||
| Urban | 873 (79.0) | 232 (21.0) | 920 (82.6) | 194 (17.4) | ||
| Housing status | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||||
| Owners | 814 (81.7) | 182 (18.3) | 840 (84.0) | 160 (16.0) | ||
| Tenant | 433 (73.0) | 160 (27.0) | 468 (78.1) | 131 (21.9) | ||
| Greater Montreal area | 0.21 | 0.93 | ||||
| Outside of Greater Montreal | 704 (79.6) | 180 (20.4) | 726 (81.8) | 162 (18.2) | ||
| Greater Montreal | 543 (77.0) | 162 (23.0) | 582 (81.9) | 129 (18.1) | ||
| Country born | 0.31 | 0.28 | ||||
| Canada | 1138 (78.8) | 306 (21.2) | 1192 (82.2) | 259 (17.8) | ||
| Others | 109 (75.2) | 36 (24.8) | 116 (78.4) | 32 (21.6) | ||
| Country of parents | 0.83 | 0.13 | ||||
| Canada | 1101 (79.2) | 290 (20.8) | 1149(82.2) | 248(17.8) | ||
| Others | 146 (73.7) | 52 (26.7) | 159(78.7) | 43(21.3) | ||
| Residence status | 0.46 | 0.93 | ||||
| Temporary resident | 14 (70.0) | 6 (30.0) | 17 (85.0) | 3 (15.0) | ||
| Permanent resident | 24 (72.7) | 9 (27.3) | 27 (81.8) | 6 (18.2) | ||
| Canadian citizen | 1209 (78.7) | 327 (21.3) | 1264 (81.8) | 282 (18.2) | ||
| Continue working during COVID-19 crisis | 0.62 | 0.89 | ||||
| Yes | 612 (78.0) | 173 (22.0) | 644(81.9) | 142(18.1) | ||
| No | 635 (79.0) | 169 (21.0) | 664(81.7) | 149(18.3) | ||
| Health care worker | 0.09 | 0.79 | ||||
| Yes | 107(84.3) | 20(15.7) | 105(82.7) | 22(17.3) | ||
| No | 1140 (78.5) | 322 (22.0) | 1203(81.7) | 269(18.3) | ||
| Other essential worker | 0.003 | 0.53 | ||||
| Yes | 276 (73.0) | 102(27.0) | 306(80.7) | 73(19.3) | ||
| No | 971 (80.2) | 240 (19.8) | 1002(82.1) | 218(17.9) | ||
| Non-essential worker | 0.16 | 0.93 | ||||
| Yes | 231 (81.6) | 52 (18.4) | 232(82.0) | 51(18.0) | ||
| No | 1016 (77.8) | 290 (22.2) | 1076 (81.8) | 240 (18.2) | ||
| Caretaker | 0.004 | 0.79 | ||||
| Yes | 75 67.6) | 36(32.4) | 93 (80.9) | 22 (19.1) | ||
| No | 1172 (79.3) | 306 (20.7) | 1215 (81.9) | 269 (18.1) | ||
| Ever faced acute disease (yourself) | 0.31 | 0.51 | ||||
| Yes | 291 (80.4) | 71(19.5) | 302(83.0) | 62(17.0) | ||
| No | 956 (77.9) | 271 (22.1) | 1006(81.5) | 229(18.5) | ||
| Ever faced acute disease (family) | 0.54 | 0.09 | ||||
| Yes | 585 (79.2) | 154 (20.8) | 623(83.5) | 123(16.5) | ||
| No | 662 (77.9) | 188(22.1) | 685(80.3) | 168(19.7) | ||
| Ever faced acute disease (caretaker) | 0.90 | 0.51 | ||||
| Yes | 182 (78.8) | 49 (21.2) | 195(83.3) | 39(16.7) | ||
| No | 1065 (78.4) | 293 (21.6) | 1113(81.5) | 252(18.5) | ||
| Smoking | <0.001 | 0.13 | ||||
| Yes | 206 (68.9) | 93 (31.1) | 238(78.8) | 64(21.2) | ||
| No | 1041 (80.7) | 249 (19.3) | 1070(82.5) | 227(17.5) | ||
| COVID-19 (yourself) | 0.73 | 0.89 | ||||
| Yes | 22(75.9) | 7(24.1) | 24(82.8) | 5(17.2) | ||
| No | 1225 (78.5) | 335 (21.5) | 1284(81.8) | 286(18.2) | ||
| COVID-19 (family) | 0.54 | 0.35 | ||||
| Yes | 49(75.4) | 16(24.6) | 56(86.2) | 9(13.8) | ||
| No | 1198 (78.6) | 326 (21.4) | 1252(81.6) | 282(18.4) | ||
| COVID-19 (relative) | 0.31 | 0.49 | ||||
| Yes | 129 (75.4) | 42(24.6) | 144(83.7) | 28(16.3) | ||
| No | 1118 (78.8) | 300 (21.2) | 1164(81.6) | 263(18.4) | ||
| Perceived reduction in their quality of life due to physical or mental problem | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||
| Yes | 340 (76.6) | 104(23.4) | 357(80.0) | 89(20.0) | ||
| No | 907 (79.2) | 238 (20.8) | 951(82.5) | 202(17.5) | ||
| Financial loss | <0.001 | 0.81 | ||||
| No loss | 642 (81.5) | 146 (18.5) | 647 (81.6) | 146 (18.4) | ||
| Slightly important loss | 430 (76.6) | 131 (23.4) | 464 (82.1) | 101 (17.9) | ||
| Fairly important loss | 155 (76.7) | 47 23.3) | 168 (82.8) | 35 (17.2) | ||
| Very important loss | 20 (52.6) | 18 (47.4) | 29 (76.3) | 9 (23.7) | ||
| Sense of Coherence-3 | <0.001 | 0.06 | ||||
| 0–4 | 780 (75.7) | 250 (24.3) | 834(80.5) | 202(19.5) | ||
| 5–6 | 467 (83.5) | 92 (16.5) | 474(84.2) | 89(15.8) | ||
| Risk | 0.09 | 0.009 | ||||
| 0 | 52 (76.5) | 16 (23.5) | 49 (71.0) | 20 (29.0) | ||
| 1–5 | 727 (80.5) | 176 (19.5) | 740 (81.2) | 171 (18.8) | ||
| 6–9 | 421 (75.2) | 139 (24.8) | 475 (84.7) | 86 (15.3) | ||
| 10 | 24 (82.8) | 5 (17.2) | 20 (69.0) | 9 (31.0) | ||
| CORE-6D | 0. 76 | 0.72 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.7532 | 0.901 |
| SF-6Dv2 | 0.73 | 0.67 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.7202 | 0.671 |
| EQ-5D-5L | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.016 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.613 |
| Fear of COVID-19 Scale | 16.6 | 15.8 | 0.028 | 16.71 | 15.29 | 0.180 |
Notes: aThe P-values refer to tests between classes using one-way analysis of variance, Bartlett’s test for equality of variances, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi2 test of independence based on observations.
Abbreviations: CORE-6D, Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation 6-Dimension; SF-6Dv2, Short Form 6-Dimension version 2; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level.