FIGURE 1.
Region-, synapse-, and age-specific roles for microglia in synapse refinement. (A) Microglia prune retinogeniculate synapses at P9 using a C4-dependent pathway (Yilmaz et al., 2021). (B) Overexpression of C4 enhances synapse pruning in mPFC (Yilmaz et al., 2021). (C) At P15, microglia prune axosomatic synapses between basket cells and pyramidal cells (Favuzzi et al., 2021) while promoting the formation of axo-axonic synapses between chandelier cells and pyramidal cells (Gallo et al., 2022) in rodent somatosensory cortex. (D) Neuronal Fn14 together with microglial TWEAK refine dLGN dendritic spines through activity-dependent, non-phagocytic mechanisms (Cheadle et al., 2020). (E) Synaptogenesis and refinement overlap in space and time and occur over distinct windows of development in sensory systems vs. prefrontal cortex.