Table 2. Noninvasive indications for intracranial pressure monitoring methods.

Methods studied

Physical examination

Neuroimaging

CT and MRI of the brain

US of the optic nerve sheath

Metabolic changes Near-infrared spectroscopy

Indirect ICP monitoring

Skull elasticity

Anterior fontanelle pressure

Venous ophthalmodynamometry

Acoustic elasticity

Pupillometry

Tympanic membrane displacement

Metabolic changes

Near-infrared spectroscopy

Neurophysiology

Electroencephalogram

Visual evoked potential

Otoacoustic emissions

Cerebral blood flow

Transcranial Doppler

ICP: indications for intracranial pressure.