1. Summary of interventions.

Study	Participants	Setting	Intervention	Control	Duration (weeks)	Frequency	Follow‐up (weeks)
Cambach 1997	Obstructive lung disease COPD/asthma	OP (physiotherapy practices) Supervised	Aerobic: cycle ergometer (60 to 75% Wmax), rower and stair walking (> 60% PMHR) x 2 sessions/week. “Recreational activities” at > 60% PMHR x 1 session/week for 45 min Education: breathing retraining, evacuation of mucus, relaxation sessions	Usual care (before cross‐over occurred)	12	3 OP sessions/week	None
Cochrane 1990	Mild‐ moderate asthma	OP (hospital) Supervised	Aerobic: cycling, jogging, “aerobics” x 30 min. Target 75% PMHR. Audiotape instructions for home use if unable to attend. Education: sessions to improve self‐management and principles of the training programme	Education sessions to improve self‐management	12	3 OP sessions/week	None
Foglio 2001	COPD and asthma	OP (hospital) Supervised	Aerobic: cycling up to 30 min at 50% to 70% Wmax resistance: abdominal, UL, LL progressively increasing light weights (300 to 500 g) Education: “patient and family education”, nutritional programme, and psychosocial counselling when appropriate	Usual care	8 to 10	3 OP sessions/week	1 year
Majd 2020	Severe asthma	OP (hospital) Supervised	Aerobic: ground walking (85% VO2 peak), treadmill walking, cycling (60% to 80% peak VO2) x 20 to 30 minutes. Resistance: UL, LL (6 to 12 reps at 80% 1 RM). Education: 12 topics delivered by MDT + individualised session led by health psychologist	Usual care	12	2 OP sessions/week + HB (minimum 1 session/week) and daily walk encouraged	9 months
Manzak 2020	Asthma	Home based	Aerobic: regular physical activity such as walking Resistance: strengthening exercises for upper and lower extremities Other: stretching exercises, breathing exercises Education: participants also provided with a pedometer and exercise diary	Booklets on breathing exercises and physical activity in addition to 1 education session on the course of the disease. Also provided with a pedometer and exercise diary	8	Minimum of 3 days per week, with 1 session supervised by a physiotherapist	None
Nathell 2005	Asthma	IP	“Personal physical training programme” Education: delivered by MDT covering “all aspects of asthma” plus coping skill acquisition	Usual care	4	No details provided.	1, 2, 3 years
Orooj 2020	Asthma/COPD overlap	OP (hospital) Supervised	Aerobic: endurance training on treadmill at 60% to 80% or VO2 peak 5 times per week. Resistance: upper and lower limbs resistance training at 50% to 70% 1 RM 3 times per week. Education: structured self‐management education programme including relaxation techniques, smoking cessation, and nutrition	Usual care	6	5 OP sessions/ week	None
Schultz 2021	Uncontrolled asthma ACT < 20	IP	Aerobic: outdoor sports and training in water x 5 sessions/week x 45 to 60 min. Resistance: 3 sessions/week x 45 to 60 min. Other: whole body vibration training x 7 sessions/week. Education: asthma, inhalation technique, allergies, trigger avoidance, respiratory physiotherapy	Usual care (waitlist)	3	5 to 7 sessions per week	6, 9, 12 months
Toennesen 2017	Asthma ACQ > 1.0	OP (hospital) Supervised	Aerobic: HIIT on spinning bikes. Progressively increased to four 5‐minute intervals using 10‐20‐30 concept. Education: 5 group and 1 individual counselling sessions with a dietician	Usual care	8	3 OP sessions/week	12 months
Turk 2020	Asthma with ACQ > 0.75 and BMI > 30	OP (hospital) Supervised	Aerobic: HIIT body weight exercises (90% VO2 max) x 40 to 60 min. Education: psychological group sessions focusing on behavioural modification and motivational strategies. Nutritional intervention: prescription of a caloric diet 1500 kcal/day	Usual care “advised to lose weight and to exercise”	12	3 OP sessions/week	12 months

ACQ: Asthma Control Questionnaire; ACT: Asthma Control Test; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. HB: home based; HIIT: high‐intensity interval training; IMT: inspiratory muscle training; IP inpatient; kcal: kilocalories; LL: lower limb; MDT: multidisciplinary team; OP: outpatient; PMHR: predicted maximum heart rate; RM: repetition maximum; UL; upper limb; VO₂ max: maximal oxygen uptake; VO₂ peak: peak oxygen uptake; Wmax: maximal workload.