Comparison 1. Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care for adults with asthma (end‐intervention).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1.1 Exercise performance: % predicted VO2 max on incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test at end‐intervention	2	60	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	14.88 [9.66, 20.10]
1.2 Exercise performance: Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) on incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test at end‐intervention	3	129	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	3.63 [1.48, 5.77]
1.3 Exercise performance: 6‐minute walk test distance at end‐intervention	5	529	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	79.79 [66.47, 93.11]
1.4 Exercise performance: 6‐minute walk test distance at end‐intervention (Subgroup: duration of pulmonary rehabilitation)	5	529	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	79.79 [66.47, 93.11]
1.4.1 ≤ 8 weeks	3	470	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	84.00 [69.18, 98.82]
1.4.2 > 8 weeks	2	59	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	62.07 [31.67, 92.47]
1.5 Asthma control: Asthma Control Questionnaire score at end‐intervention	2	93	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.76, ‐0.17]
1.6 Asthma control: Asthma Control Questionnaire score at end‐intervention (Subgroup: duration of pulmonary rehabilitation)	2	93	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.76, ‐0.17]
1.6.1 ≤ 8 weeks	1	63	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.50 [‐0.87, ‐0.13]
1.6.2 > 8 weeks	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.90, 0.10]
1.7 Asthma control: Asthma Control Questionnaire score at end‐intervention (Subgroup: asthma severity)	2	93	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.76, ‐0.17]
1.7.1 Not severe	1	63	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.50 [‐0.87, ‐0.13]
1.7.2 Severe	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.90, 0.10]
1.8 Asthma control: Asthma Control Test score at end‐intervention	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	3.34 [‐2.32, 9.01]
1.9 Health‐related quality of life: Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire total score at end‐intervention	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [‐0.13, 1.86]
1.10 Health‐related quality of life: Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire domain scores at end‐intervention	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.10.1 Activity domain	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [‐0.26, 1.85]
1.10.2 Emotional Function domain	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.72 [‐0.35, 1.79]
1.10.3 Environmental domain	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [‐0.86, 2.17]
1.10.4 Symptoms domain	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.68 [‐0.80, 2.16]
1.11 Health‐related quality of life: Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire total score at end‐intervention (Subgroup: duration of pulmonary rehabilitation)	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [‐0.13, 1.86]
1.11.1 ≤ 8 weeks	1	412	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.32 [1.18, 1.46]
1.11.2 > 8 weeks	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐0.38, 0.98]
1.12 Health‐related quality of life: Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire total score at end‐intervention (Subgroup: asthma severity)	2	442	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [‐0.13, 1.86]
1.12.1 Not severe	1	412	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.32 [1.18, 1.46]
1.12.2 Severe	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐0.38, 0.98]
1.13 Health‐related quality of life: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score at end‐intervention	2	440	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐18.51 [‐20.77, ‐16.25]
1.14 Health‐related quality of life: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire domain scores at end‐intervention	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.14.1 Symptoms domain	2	440	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐20.50 [‐23.78, ‐17.22]
1.14.2 Activity domain	2	440	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐18.29 [‐21.19, ‐15.39]
1.14.3 Impacts domain	2	440	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐18.33 [‐20.86, ‐15.80]
1.15 Health‐related quality of life: Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire domain scores at end‐intervention	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.15.1 Dyspn o ea domain	2	72	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.50, 1.52]
1.15.2 Emotional function domain	2	73	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [‐0.66, 1.52]
1.15.3 Fatigue domain	2	73	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.35, 1.34]
1.15.4 Mastery domain	2	73	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [‐0.02, 1.16]