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. 2022 Aug 22;5:123. doi: 10.1038/s41746-022-00664-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a HR Features, b IBI Features, c Skin Temperature Features, and d EDA and ACC Features. Dark blue Pre-Opioid Mean, Light Blue Post-Opioid Mean. Max Maximum, SD Standard deviation, IBI Interbeat interval, SDNN SD of NN intervals, VLF Logarithmic of absolute power of very low frequency band, LF Logarithmic of absolute power of low frequency band, LF(nu) Normalized absolute power of LF band, IQR Interquartile range, EDA Electrodermal Activity, ACC Accelerometry, Min Minimum, Freq Frequency.