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. 2022 Jun 23;59(9):5591–5611. doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-02923-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Effect of GSK-3 inhibitors on the mRNA expression of microglial activation, pro-inflammatory markers, Nrf2-driven ARE genes, and β-catenin − transcribed c-Myc in LPS-stimulated SIM-A9 cells. Target mRNA expression was quantified by real-time qPCR and normalized to GAPDH. All compounds show a dose-dependent decrease of the LPS-triggered upregulation of the microglial activation markers CD11b (a) and Iba1 (b), iNOS (c), and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (d), IL-6 (e), and TNF-α (f). All GSK3 inhibitor treatments — except for BRD0705 (GSK3α inhibitor) at 10 μM — show a statistically significant upregulation of the Nrf2-driven ARE gene HO-1 (a) and all treatments — without exceptions — correlate with a rise in Osgin1 mRNA levels (b). BRD3731 (GSK3β inhibitor) displays the greatest Nrf2-inducing activity after the positive control (SFN, 5 μM), followed by BRD0320 (GSK3α/β inhibitor), then BRD0705 (GSK3α inhibitor). Only BRD3731 (GSK3β inhibitor) and BRD0320 (GSK3α/β inhibitor) show a statistically significant augmentation of c-Myc transcription. BRD3731 (GSK3β inhibitor) displays the most β-catenin − inducing activity followed by BRD0320 (GSK3α/β inhibitor). BRD0705 (GSK3α inhibitor) does not induce any considerable change in c-Myc expression beyond that which is already occasioned by LPS alone. Data is expressed as means ± SEM. Group comparisons were drawn using one-way ANOVA, followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test; *P-value < 0.05 (relative to the LPS-stimulated group); $P-value < 0.05 (relative to negative [untreated] controls); #P-value < 0.05 (BRD0705 at any given concentration relative to BRD3731 at the corresponding concentration)