Table 4.

Fixed effects difference-in-differences estimates of the effects of the policy reform on hospital quality moderated by ownership and specialization

	HHI				Number of hospitals
	Actual		Predicted
	(${\mathrm{HHI}}_{\mathit{it}}$)		(${\widehat{\mathrm{HHI}}}_{\mathit{it}}$)		(${\#\mathrm{hosp}}_{\mathit{it}}$)
Model	4	5	6	7	8	9
Postref-year 2010
(Low-spec)	0.06		0.06		0.13
(Med-spec)	− 0.06		0.07		0.26
(High-spec)	− 0.28*		− 0.29**		0.41**
(Non-profit)		− 0.21*		− 0.18		0.16
(Private for-profit)		− 0.09		0.00		0.46**
(Public)		0.04		0.13		0.25
Market structure
(Low-spec)	0.86**		0.37		0.02
(Med-spec)	0.55		0.39		0.01
(High-spec)	0.8		− 0.85		0.04
(Non-profit)		0.58*		− 0.14		0.03
(Private for-profit)		1.07**		0.42		0.00
(Public)		0.84***		0.12		0.00
DiD
(Low-spec)	0.01		− 0.01		0.00
(Med-spec)	0.45*		0.16		− 0.01
(High-spec)	0.79***		0.96***		− 0.03***
(Non-profit)		0.40**		0.40**		− 0.02**
(Private for-profit)		0.45*		0.31		− 0.03***
(Public)		0.12		− 0.03		− 0.01
Controls
Beds (50–150)	− 0.09	− 0.06	− 0.1	− 0.06	− 0.12	− 0.09
Beds (151–300)	0.02	0.06	0.01	0.08	− 0.01	0.02
Beds (301–600)	0.01	0.06	− 0.01	0.06	− 0.01	0.03
Reference (> 600)
Log(mortality)	− 1.03	− 0.97	− 0.96	− 0.79	− 1.04	− 0.97
Log(age)	2.49	2.51	3.05	2.27	0.17	− 0.56
Log(unemployment)	0.59*	0.48	0.49	0.41	0.57*	0.53*
Log(GDP)	0.37	0.49	0.33	0.49	0.68	0.64
Observations	1894	1894	1894	1894	1894	1894
LOGLIKE	− 1239.6	− 1242.6	− 1241.5	− 1248.5	− 1235.2	− 1240.9
AIC	2511.2	2517.2	2515.1	2529.0	2502.5	2513.8

Significance levels: ***1%; **5%; *10%