Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants according to the regional difference.
| Urban, n = 2030 (86.2%) | Rural, n = 324 (13.8%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, female | 1410 (69.5%) | 180 (55.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Age, years | 74.9 ± 4.3 | 76.1 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), male | 24.2 ± 2.7 | 23.5 ± 3.0 | 0.013 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), female | 24.4 ± 3.2 | 24.4 ± 3.1 | 0.373 |
| Marital status, married | 1586 (78.1%) | 255 (78.7%) | 0.902 |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||
| Elemantary school or below | 893 (44.0%) | 238 (73.5%) | |
| Middle school | 379 (18.7%) | 43 (13.3%) | |
| High school or above | 758 (37.3%) | 43 (13.3%) | |
| Income (100,000 Korean won/month) | 17.1 ± 16.9 | 10.5 ± 14.9 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status | 0.036 | ||
| Current | 81 (4.0%) | 18 (5.6%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 382 (18.8%) | 77 (23.8%) | |
| Never smoker | 1566 (77.2%) | 229 (70.7%) | |
| Hypertension | 1189 (58.6%) | 190 (58.6%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 480 (23.6%) | 73 (22.5%) | 0.724 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1008 (49.7%) | 105 (32.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Arthritis | 554 (27.3%) | 78 (24.1%) | 0.251 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 137 (6.7%) | 12 (3.7%) | 0.036 |
| Angina or myocardial infarction | 447 (22.0%) | 81 (25.0%) | 0.251 |
| Malignancy | 226 (11.1%) | 35 (10.8%) | 0.924 |
| Regular exercise (≥ 150 min/week) | 1234 (60.8%) | 89 (27.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular limb mass/height2, kg/m2, male | 7.48 ± 0.70 | 7.36 ± 0.70 | 0.076 |
| Appendicular limb mass/height2, kg/m2, female | 6.13 ± 0.61 | 6.05 ± 0.64 | 0.106 |
| Handgrip strength, kg, male | 33.3 ± 6.2 | 31.1 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 |
| Hand grip strength, kg, female | 20.5 ± 4.5 | 18.9 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 |
| 5-chair stand test, seconds | 12.2 ± 4.2 | 14.4 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
| Normal muscle mass and function | 783 (38.6%) | 75 (23.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Low muscle massa | 486 (23.9%) | 92 (28.4%) | 0.095 |
| Low muscle functionb | 1090 (53.7%) | 236 (72.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Sarcopenia | 330 (16.3%) | 79 (24.4%) | 0.001 |
Values are presented as numbers (% of total) or mean ± standard deviations.
aAppendicular lean mass/height2 < 5.7 kg/m2 in females and appendicular lean mass/height2 < 7 kg/m2 in males.
bHandgrip strength < 18 kg in females and < 28 kg in males or 5-time chair stand test > 12 s.