TABLE 2.
Studies reporting synthetic analogues of eugenol to inhibit growth and Candida cells’ cellular pathways.
| Year of publication (references) | Synthetic analogues of eugenol | Candida species | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 Carrasco et al. (2012) | Eugenol derivative4-allyl-2-methoxy- 5-nitrophenol | Candida species | This compound did not inhibit the fungal cell wall synthesis or assembly |
| 2015 Ahmad et al. (2015) | Eugenol-tosylate and its congeners (E1-E6) | Fluconazole resistant and susceptible C. albicans | The test compounds damage C. albicans ergosterol biosynthesis by reducing the gene-ERG1 expression (one of the critical ergosterol biosynthesis pathways) |
| 2015 Abrão et al. (2015) | Morpholine-based Mannich base of eugenol and the esters thereof | Candida species | The synthesized compounds indicated antifungal activity since most were more potent than fluconazole |
| 2016 de Souza et al. (2016) | Eugenol Glucoside-based Derivative | C. glabrata | The test compounds suppressed C. glabrata growth better than fluconazole. Additionally, these compounds showed low cytotoxic activity against peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| 2018 Hipólito et al. (2018) | Eugenol-based glucosides | C. tropicalis, C. krusei | The test compounds were efficaciously involved in their high affinity with the active site of squalene epoxidase |
| 2020 Lone et al. (2020b) | Eugenol tosylate congeners (ETC-1–ETC-7) | Fluconazole resistant and susceptible C. albicans | These compounds lead to the necrosis and apoptosis in C. albicans cells via the metacaspase-dependent pathway |
| 2020 Lone and Ahmad, (2020) | Eugenol tosylate congeners (ETC-5, ETC-6, and ETC-7) | C. albicans | ETCs remarkably inhibited adherence, biofilm formation, proteinase, and phospholipase activity in C. albicans cells. Besides, tested compounds down-regulated the expression of various genes involved in the Candida cellular pathways |
| 2020 Lone et al. (2020a) | Eugenol tosylate congeners (ETC-1 to ETC-7) | C. albicans | These ETCs target the biosynthesis pathway of the ergosterol in C. albicans via downregulation of gene-ERG1 expression and impeding the lanosterol 14-α demethylase enzyme |
| 2021 Magalhães et al. (2021) | Glucosyl-1,2,3- triazoles derived from eugenol and correlated phenols | Candida species (especially C. krusei) | The synthesized compounds suppressed CYP51, consequently destroying ergosterol synthesis in fungal cells |