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. 2022 Aug 9;13:945063. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945063

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Copyright © 2022 Kokubo, Onodera, Kiuchi, Tsuji, Hirahara and Nakayama

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism of tissue repair by Th2 cells. Type 2 cytokines produced by Th2 cells not only induce type 2 inflammatory responses but also contribute to the repair of injured tissues. The activation of macrophages by IL-4 and IL-13 is important for the resolution of the type 2 inflammatory response and initiation of tissue repair. Activated macrophages induce fibroblast proliferation, remove extracellular matrix (ECM) formed by fibroblasts and other cells, and clear apoptotic cells in injured tissues. IL-4 and IL-13 produced by Th2 cells can also directly induce the proliferation of epithelial cells and contribute to the reconstruction of injured tissues. Furthermore, eosinophils, which are recruited to inflammatory sites by IL-5 produced by Th2 cells, can also produce IL-4 and IL-13. Thus, Th2 cells induce tissue repair both directly and indirectly. This figure was created with BioRender.com.